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[music playing]

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- LAURA IS ONE OF
OUR UP-AND-COMING,

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I WOULD SAY SUPERSTAR SCIENTISTS
IN THE EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION.

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CERTAINLY ONE OF
OUR YOUNGER SCIENTISTS.

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AND I CAN SAY THAT,
BECAUSE TO ME,

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ANYBODY WHO LOOKS--
ANYBODY WHO'S YOUNGER THAN 50

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LOOKS YOUNG TO ME, SO...

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LAURA'S BEEN WORKING
IN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY,

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AND SHE'S BEEN
A REAL CATALYST HERE

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IN LEVERAGING
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION

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WE HAVE WITH OUR FRIENDS
OVER HERE AT GOOGLE.

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THEY HAVE
A LIMITED LIABILITY CORPORATION

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CALLED H211,

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AND ONE OF THE CONSEQUENCES
OF THAT,

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OR ONE OF THE BENEFITS
OF THAT,

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IS THEY HAVE
AN ALPHA JET HERE,

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WHICH IS
AN OLD GERMAN MILITARY JET

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THAT THEY USE FOR--

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SOME OF THEIR BIG PLAYERS USE
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES.

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AND ONE OF THE SIDE BENEFITS

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OF HAVING THAT AIRPLANE
BASED HERE AT AMES

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IS WE GET TO HANG EARTH SCIENCE
INSTRUMENTS ON IT

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AND GO DO COOL STUFF.

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AND ONE OF THE COOLEST THINGS
WE'VE BEEN DOING

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WITH WELL OVER 100 FLIGHTS NOW
OVER THE PAST COUPLE OF YEARS

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IS WE FOUGHT--
FLY VERTICAL PATHS

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OVER INTERESTING PHENOMENA,

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AND SOME OF THE MOST INTERESTING
PHENOMENA, OF COURSE,

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IS MEASURING THE CARBON DIOXIDE
AND METHANE EMISSION

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IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

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AND THESE ARE TWO
OF THE PRIMARY CONTRIBUTORS

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TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

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AND SO UNDERSTANDING
WHAT IS HAPPENING VERTICALLY

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WHEN WE DO OUR DOWNWARD-LOOKING
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

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IS REALLY ESSENTIAL

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IN COMBINING THAT
WITH GROUND TRUTHING.

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AND SO LAURA'S ONE OF OUR,
NOT ONLY BEST SCIENTISTS

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IN EARTH SCIENCE, BUT SHE'S ONE
OF OUR MOST EXUBERANT.

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AND I THINK YOU'LL--
THAT WILL COME ACROSS TODAY.

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SO THE REASON I'M UP HERE REALLY

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IS I WAS TELLING JACOB THE STORY
OF HER PRESENTATION

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AT A PROJECT TAG MEETING
ON MONDAY.

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AND SHE MAY ACTUALLY SAY THIS
DURING THE PROCESS

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BUT SHE SAID THAT SHE REALLY,
YOU KNOW,

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LIKES FOREST FIRES
AND WILDFIRES.

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[laughter]
AND SO SHE IMMEDIATELY

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ABSORBED THE NICKNAME "BLAZE,"

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WHICH I THINK
IS QUITE APPROPRIATE HERE.

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SO LAURA RECEIVED HER PhD
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO

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IN ANALYTICAL
AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

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IN 1997.

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I CAN REMEMBER 1997.

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SO TODAY, SHE IS GOING TO TALK
ABOUT SOME OF THE RESEARCH

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SHE'S BEEN DOING WITH
THE AJAX MISSION, AS WE CALL IT.

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IT'S CALLED

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"UP IN THE AIR: METHANE
AND OZONE OVER CALIFORNIA."

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WITH NO FURTHER ADO,
BLAZE IRACI.

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[applause]

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- I THINK IT MAY BE
CLUMSY IRACI.

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HANG ON WHILE
I GET THE MIC FIXED.

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THAT'S A NEW NICKNAME.
I DON'T ANSWER TO IT YET.

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SO IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS,
YOU HAVE TO SHOUT 'EM OUT

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A COUPLE OF TIMES
FOR ME TO REALIZE

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IT'S MY NEW NICKNAME.

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IT IS PRETTY COOL
THAT I GET TO STUDY ALL SORTS

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OF INTERESTING PHENOMENA
IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE,

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BUT SOMETIMES I FEEL
A LITTLE GUILTY

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BECAUSE I GET EXCITED
ABOUT THINGS UP IN THE AIR

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THAT ACTUALLY COME FROM PROBLEMS
HAPPENING DOWN ON THE SURFACE,

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SO I DO WANT TO APOLOGIZE
IN THE BEGINNING.

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I DON'T LOVE FOREST FIRES.

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I JUST LOVE THE POLLUTION
THAT THEY MAKE.

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SO WITH THAT DISCLAIMER,
I'M NOT A HORRIBLE PERSON.

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I'M JUST
A REALLY GEEKY SCIENTIST.

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BUT AS DR. BICAY SAID, WE HAVE
THIS REALLY NEAT COLLABORATION

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WITH AN ORGANIZATION
CALLED H211

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THAT ALLOWS US TO
DO SOMETHING THAT,

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REALLY, NO ONE ELSE IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE COMMUNITY

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GETS TO DO.

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SO I'M TOTALLY STOKED
TO TELL YOU ALL ABOUT IT.

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AND I WILL PROBABLY TALK
A LITTLE TOO FAST,

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SO PEOPLE DOWN IN THE FRONT
SHOULD SLOW ME DOWN,

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'CAUSE I CAN SEE THE PEOPLE
DOWN IN THE FRONT.

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ALL RIGHT, LET ME TELL YOU
WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO TODAY.

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I WANT TO TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT THE AJAX PROJECT

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AS AN INTRODUCTION,
AND THEN I'LL TELL YOU

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ABOUT THE INSTRUMENTATION
THAT WE CARRY ON THE ALPHA JET.

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I WANT TO TELL YOU JUST A LITTLE
BIT ABOUT THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

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BECAUSE I'M NOT FAMILIAR WITH
ALL YOUR FACES

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AND I DON'T KNOW THAT ALL OF YOU
WILL KNOW ALL THE JARGON

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THAT I'M GONNA FIND MYSELF
USING, DESPITE MY BEST EFFORTS.

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THEN I WANNA TELL YOU ABOUT
THREE OF THE THINGS

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WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT.
WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT OZONE

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THAT'S BROUGHT DOWN
FROM THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE,

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WHERE WE LIKE IT TO BE

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BUT THAT CAN AFFECT THE AIR
QUALITY THAT PEOPLE BREATHE

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IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE U.S.

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I ALSO WANT TO TELL YOU
ABOUT COWS AND THEIR METHANE,

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BECAUSE THAT'S ACTUALLY
AN INTERESTING

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AND UP-AND-COMING TOPIC
WHEN IT COMES TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

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AND IT GETS A GOOD GIGGLE,

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BECAUSE JUST IMAGINE
WHERE THE METHANE COMES FROM

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AND INSERT YOUR OWN
FAVORITE JOKE.

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AND THEN FOREST FIRES,
AND THIS IS THE PART

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WHERE MY EYES
ARE GONNA LIGHT UP,

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BECAUSE WE GOT SOME GREAT DATA
YESTERDAY AND LAST WEEK.

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SO I'M GONNA SHOW YOU
SOME REALLY FRESH DATA,

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AND I PROBABLY WON'T BE ABLE
TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS

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ABOUT IT JUST YET,
BUT I GOTTA SHOW YOU THE DATA,

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'CAUSE IT'S REALLY COOL, AND THE
TEAM'S BEEN WORKING REALLY HARD.

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SO LET'S HOP RIGHT INTO IT.

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SO THIS ARRANGEMENT THAT WE HAVE

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HAS BEEN GOING ON
SINCE ABOUT 2008.

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AND WE GET TO PUT INSTRUMENTS
ONTO AN AIRCRAFT

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THAT CAN REACH 50,000 FEET,

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ALTHOUGH OUR INSTRUMENTS
AREN'T QUITE THAT ROBUST.

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THE AIRCRAFT FLIES FOR ABOUT
TWO TO TWO AND A HALF HOURS

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ON A FULL TANK OF FUEL,

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SO WE CAN GET MOST PLACES
IN CALIFORNIA.

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WE CAN REACH INTO NEVADA.

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AND THERE ARE LOTS
OF INTERESTING QUESTIONS

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THAT ALSO WE CAN ADDRESS

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BY GOING OUT
OVER THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

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SO WE'RE REALLY LOCATED
IN A GREAT SPOT,

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AND WE GET TO FLY, LIKE,
THREE OR FOUR TIMES A MONTH.

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I MEAN, IT'S AMAZING.
THE AMOUNT OF DATA

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THAT WE'VE BEEN COLLECTING
IS REALLY ASTOUNDING.

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AND TO BE DOING IT
FOR SEVERAL YEARS IN A ROW

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IS REALLY A FANTASTIC
OPPORTUNITY.

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THE CREW THAT WE WORK WITH,

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SCIENCE TEAM
AND AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL,

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ARE JUST SUPER DEDICATED,

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AND YOU'LL SEE THAT
IN THE DATA THAT WE GET.

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IT'S AN AMAZING AMOUNT
OF DATA,

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AND THE TURNAROUND TIMES
ARE CRAZY.

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SO WE'RE ON A ROLL.
WE'RE FULLY CAFFEINATED.

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AND WE ARE SO EXCITED
ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING

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THAT I JUST REALLY WANT
TO SHARE IT ALL WITH YOU TODAY.

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SO THAT YOU UNDERSTAND
WHAT WE'RE DOING,

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LET ME SHOW YOU--
THIS IS OUR WING--OH, OKAY.

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SEE, I'VE ALREADY FORGOTTEN.
THAT'S THE AIRPLANE.

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AND YOU'LL NOTICE THAT IT'S
UNUSUAL IN THAT IT'S ASYMMETRIC.

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YOU SEE THERE'S TWO PODS ON
ONE SIDE AND ONE ON THE OTHER.

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YOU'RE LOOKING UP
UNDERNEATH THE AIRCRAFT.

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THE OUTBOARD PODS ARE FUEL.

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THE INBOARD ON WHAT IS
THE STARBOARD SIDE,

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ALTHOUGH YOU CAN'T TELL
FROM UNDERNEATH,

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YOU'LL SEE THERE'S
THREE BRIGHT, SHINY SPOTS.

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THAT'S THE UNDERSIDE
OF OUR SENSOR POD.

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THOSE BRIGHT, SHINY SPOTS ARE--
ACTUALLY ARE WINDOW PLATES,

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ALTHOUGH AT THE MOMENT, THEY
JUST HAVE GAS INLETS ON THEM.

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THEY DON'T HAVE GLASS
FOR OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS.

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SO THOSE THREE SHINY SPOTS
ARE THE DEAD GIVEAWAY.

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IF YOU SEE THIS FLYING OVERHEAD,
LOOK UP.

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SEE IF IT HAS THREE PODS ON IT.

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IF IT DOES,
IT'S DOING SCIENCE FOR US.

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ALL RIGHT,
THOSE THREE SHINY SPOTS--

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AND I'M GONNA PUT THE AIRCRAFT
RIGHT-SIDE UP AGAIN.

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HERE'S A SCHEMATIC DRAWING
FOR YOU IN THE BOTTOM.

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THE TAILFIN WILL GET YOU
ORIENTED.

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THE OTHER END IS THE NOSE
OF THE AIRCRAFT.

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STARTING FROM THE BACK,
SOME ELECTRONICS,

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IMPORTANT BUT NOT VERY EXCITING,
SAME WITH THE PUMP.

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BUT IN THE MIDDLE,
THE MAIN VOLUME

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THAT'S TAKEN UP IN THAT WING POD

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IS A GREENHOUSE GAS SENSOR.

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IT MEASURES CO2 AND METHANE,
AND WE ALSO GET WATER VAPOR

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FOR SOME CORRECTIONS.

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IN FRONT OF THAT
IS AN OZONE SENSOR.

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AND THEN TOWARDS THE FRONT,
SORT OF

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FROM WHERE IT STARTS TO CURVE
ALL THE WAY UP TO THE NOSE

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IS A METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM.

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AND I'LL GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT
MORE INFORMATION

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ON EACH OF THESE,

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UNTIL I REALIZE
I'VE TALKED FOR WAY TOO LONG.

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BUT I THINK WE'RE OKAY.

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ALL RIGHT,
SO THE OZONE INSTRUMENT

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IS A COMMERCIAL, OFF-THE-SHELF,
STANDARD UV VISIBLE ABSORPTION--

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UV ABSORPTION TECHNIQUE.

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IT'S A DUAL CHANNEL,
ONE CHANNEL SCRUBBED

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AND ONE CHANNEL IS NOT,
AND IT'S CALIBRATED

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TO THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION SCALE,

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WHICH IS IMPORTANT WHEN
YOU'RE DOING THESE STUDIES

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THAT YOU WANT TO BE ABLE TO
SHARE DATA WITH OTHER GROUPS.

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IF YOU WANT YOUR DATA
IN CALIFORNIA

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TO BE COMPARABLE TO DATA
COLLECTED IN OTHER PLACES,

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YOU NEED TO GET BACK
TO A STANDARD.

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AND SO WE CALIBRATE BACK
TO THE WMO STANDARD ON OZONE.

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WE'VE COMPARED IT
AGAINST CHEMICAL--

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ELECTROCHEMICAL SONDES,

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WHICH ARE THE MOST
COMMONLY USED METHOD

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FOR MEASURING OZONE
IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

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NOAA HAS A SITE
IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

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THAT WE COMPARE TO.

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SO THIS INSTRUMENT'S BEEN
A REAL WORKHORSE FOR US,

196
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VERY RELIABLE, AND A VERY
IMPORTANT CHEMICAL TRACER.

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OUR GREENHOUSE GAS SENSOR
IS MANUFACTURED BY A COMPANY

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CALLED PICARRO.
THEY'RE ACTUALLY LOCAL,

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WHICH HAS BEEN FANTASTIC,
BECAUSE WE HAD TO MODIFY IT.

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IT'S BUILT 19 INCHES WIDE,

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LIKE ALMOST EVERY INSTRUMENT
IN THE WORLD IS BUILT.

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BUT THE WING POD
IS ONLY 12 INCHES WIDE.

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SO WE SPENT A LOT OF TIME
AND EFFORT

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AND ENGINEERING
AND CREATIVITY

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SQUEEZING THIS SQUARE THING
INTO A LONG RECTANGULAR SHAPE.

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SO HAVING PICARRO HANDY NEARBY

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WAS REALLY VERY USEFUL.

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SO ON THE BOTTOM THERE,
YOU CAN SEE THE GOLD REPACKAGING

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THAT WAS DONE TO TAKE THIS NICE
SQUARE INSTRUMENT

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AND PUT IT INTO A RECTANGLE

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THAT WILL JUST BARELY FIT
INTO THAT WING POD,

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AND SO IT OCCUPIES THE MAJORITY
OF THE VOLUME

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00:08:18,066 --> 00:08:19,800
OF THAT STARBOARD WING POD.

214
00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,300
EACH OF THE TRACE GAS SENSORS
HAS AN INLET

215
00:08:22,300 --> 00:08:26,066
THAT HANGS DOWN BELOW
THE WING POD FOR DRAWING AIR IN.

216
00:08:26,066 --> 00:08:27,666
AND OUR MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE
IN REAL TIME,

217
00:08:27,666 --> 00:08:29,433
AND THEN THE AIR
IS EXHAUSTED OUT THE BACK.

218
00:08:29,433 --> 00:08:31,033
WE DON'T BRING ANY SAMPLES
HOME WITH US,

219
00:08:31,033 --> 00:08:33,066
JUST DATA FILES.

220
00:08:33,066 --> 00:08:34,966
AND THE METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

221
00:08:34,966 --> 00:08:37,300
WE ADDED ABOUT A YEAR AGO,
AND IT'S FANTASTIC.

222
00:08:37,300 --> 00:08:38,966
IT'S FAST WINDS,

223
00:08:38,966 --> 00:08:40,500
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
WIND MEASUREMENTS.

224
00:08:40,500 --> 00:08:42,000
AND IT'S HARD, STILL,
FOR ME TO IMAGINE

225
00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:43,633
HOW THIS ACTUALLY HAPPENS,

226
00:08:43,633 --> 00:08:45,333
SO SEE IF YOU CAN IMAGINE.

227
00:08:45,333 --> 00:08:48,366
YOU'RE MOVING AT 300 KNOTS.

228
00:08:48,366 --> 00:08:51,600
AND YOU'RE MEASURING WIND SPEEDS
AT THE SAME TIME.

229
00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,366
PEOPLE FAR MORE CLEVER THAN I
HAVE FOUND A WAY TO DO THIS

230
00:08:54,366 --> 00:08:55,633
AND TO DO IT
WITH GREAT PRECISION.

231
00:08:55,633 --> 00:08:57,600
SO I CAN TELL YOU WHO TO TALK TO
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW

232
00:08:57,600 --> 00:08:59,500
HOW THIS WORKS,
BUT TRUST ME THAT IT DOES.

233
00:08:59,500 --> 00:09:01,433
WE GET WIND SPEEDS
IN ALL THREE DIRECTIONS--

234
00:09:01,433 --> 00:09:04,066
FRONTWARDS, SIDEWAYS,
AND UP AND DOWN,

235
00:09:04,066 --> 00:09:05,766
WHICH IS REALLY IMPORTANT
IF YOU WANT TO STUDY--

236
00:09:05,766 --> 00:09:08,666
SAY, YOU'RE DOWN NEAR A DAIRY,
AND YOU WANT TO KNOW

237
00:09:08,666 --> 00:09:10,666
IF YOUR METHANE IS COMING FROM
THE SLUDGE POND

238
00:09:10,666 --> 00:09:12,866
OR THE BARN OR FROM TOWN.

239
00:09:12,866 --> 00:09:14,600
YOU NEED TO KNOW WHICH WAY
THE WINDS ARE BLOWING.

240
00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:17,200
AND THEY CAN CHANGE ON
A VERY SHORT DISTANCE SCALE.

241
00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,200
SO IT'S REALLY FANTASTIC THAT
WE HAVE THIS HIGHLY ACCURATE

242
00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:22,333
AND VERY FAST MEASUREMENT
OF WINDS,

243
00:09:22,333 --> 00:09:25,033
AS WELL AS PRESSURE
AND TEMPERATURE.

244
00:09:25,033 --> 00:09:27,900
SO NOW THAT YOU KNOW
WHAT WE CAN MEASURE,

245
00:09:27,900 --> 00:09:29,200
LET ME TELL YOU
WHERE WE MEASURE IT.

246
00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:30,600
WE MEASURE IT
IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.

247
00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:33,266
IN CASE YOU DON'T KNOW
THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE,

248
00:09:33,266 --> 00:09:35,100
'CAUSE MOST PEOPLE HERE DON'T,

249
00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:36,466
IT'S STARTS AT THE BOTTOM
HERE AT THE SURFACE,

250
00:09:36,466 --> 00:09:38,433
WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS USUALLY
SOMETHING LIKE

251
00:09:38,433 --> 00:09:41,166
20 OR 25 DEGREES CELSIUS.

252
00:09:41,166 --> 00:09:43,433
I'M HOPING THAT'S A UNIT
THAT WORKS FOR MOST PEOPLE.

253
00:09:43,433 --> 00:09:45,766
AS YOU GO UP IN THE ATMOSPHERE,
IT GETS COOLER.

254
00:09:45,766 --> 00:09:47,633
YOU'VE PROBABLY NOTICED THIS IF
YOU GO UP IN THE MOUNTAINS

255
00:09:47,633 --> 00:09:50,433
OR IF YOU PUT YOUR HAND AGAINST
THE WINDOW IN AN AIRCRAFT.

256
00:09:50,433 --> 00:09:52,466
AND THE AIR CONTINUES TO COOL
AS YOU GET FARTHER AWAY

257
00:09:52,466 --> 00:09:54,700
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH,

258
00:09:54,700 --> 00:09:57,133
UNTIL AT SOME POINT--AND THAT
POINT'S CALLED THE TROPOPAUSE,

259
00:09:57,133 --> 00:09:59,566
AT SOME POINT THE TEMPERATURES
START TO CLIMB AGAIN

260
00:09:59,566 --> 00:10:01,466
AS YOU CONTINUE TO CLIMB
IN ALTITUDE.

261
00:10:01,466 --> 00:10:03,200
AND THAT'S THE YELLOW LINE
YOU'RE LOOKING AT THERE

262
00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:04,833
ON THE SCREEN.

263
00:10:04,833 --> 00:10:06,566
THAT TURNAROUND,
THAT TROPOPAUSE,

264
00:10:06,566 --> 00:10:08,600
IS THE PLACE
THAT SCIENTISTS DEFINE

265
00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:09,933
AS THE TOP OF THE TROPOSPHERE

266
00:10:09,933 --> 00:10:12,833
WHERE MOST OF THE MASS
OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS,

267
00:10:12,833 --> 00:10:16,033
WHERE WE BREATHE AND DO ALL
OF OUR DAILY BUSINESS,

268
00:10:16,033 --> 00:10:17,900
AND THE STRATOSPHERE,
WHICH LIVES ABOVE IT,

269
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:19,800
WHICH IS AN INCREDIBLY STABLE
REGION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

270
00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:21,933
IT'S VERY STRATIFIED,
BECAUSE THE AIR GETS WARMER,

271
00:10:21,933 --> 00:10:23,833
IT'S MORE BUOYANT,
THE FARTHER YOU GO UP.

272
00:10:23,833 --> 00:10:25,733
SO THERE'S NO REASON
FOR THAT AIR TO EVER TURN OVER,

273
00:10:25,733 --> 00:10:27,366
LIKE YOU WOULD SEE
IN A CONVECTIVE CLOUD

274
00:10:27,366 --> 00:10:29,200
DOWN HERE IN THE TROPOSPHERE.

275
00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:30,966
SO THOSE ARE THE TWO PIECES
OF THE ATMOSPHERE

276
00:10:30,966 --> 00:10:32,500
I'M GONNA TALK TO YOU ABOUT
TODAY.

277
00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:33,833
MOST OF THE TROPOSPHERE--

278
00:10:33,833 --> 00:10:35,733
ALL OF OUR FLIGHTS
ARE IN THE TROPOSPHERE.

279
00:10:35,733 --> 00:10:37,400
COMMERCIAL AIRLINERS GET UP
PRETTY CLOSE,

280
00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:39,500
DEPENDING ON YOUR LATITUDE,

281
00:10:39,500 --> 00:10:42,400
ESPECIALLY A LONG HAUL,
TO THE TROPOPAUSE.

282
00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:44,933
BUT FOR THE MOST PART, WEATHER
AND MOST EVERYTHING WE ALL KNOW

283
00:10:44,933 --> 00:10:47,000
ABOUT EVERY DAY
IS DOWN IN THE TROPOSPHERE HERE.

284
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,600
THE STRATOSPHERE IS WHERE
THE OZONE LAYER IS.

285
00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:51,333
THAT'S UP AT ABOUT
20 TO 30 KILOMETERS.

286
00:10:51,333 --> 00:10:53,200
AND I'M GONNA KEEP CHANGING
UNITS ON YOU.

287
00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:55,133
I APOLOGIZE FOR THAT,

288
00:10:55,133 --> 00:10:56,600
BUT I LEARNED THE OZONE LAYER
IN KILOMETERS.

289
00:10:56,600 --> 00:10:58,933
SO IT'S AT ABOUT
20 TO 30 KILOMETERS.

290
00:10:58,933 --> 00:11:02,366
AND THAT'S WHERE
THE NATURAL OZONE EXISTS.

291
00:11:02,366 --> 00:11:05,800
IT'S GOT RELATIVELY HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE,

292
00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:08,466
BUT RELATIVELY HIGH IS STILL,
YOU KNOW,

293
00:11:08,466 --> 00:11:10,333
THINGS LIKE
.6 PARTS PER MILLION.

294
00:11:10,333 --> 00:11:11,833
BUT THAT'S ENOUGH OZONE
TO PROTECT US

295
00:11:11,833 --> 00:11:15,066
FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
FROM THE SUN.

296
00:11:15,066 --> 00:11:17,633
AND WE LIKE IT TO STAY UP THERE
AND PROTECT OUR DNA.

297
00:11:17,633 --> 00:11:19,700
BUT SOMETIMES, AND I'M GONNA
SHOW YOU SOME FLIGHTS,

298
00:11:19,700 --> 00:11:21,800
THAT OZONE CAN BE BROUGHT DOWN

299
00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:24,333
WHERE IT CAN MIX IN WITH THE AIR
THAT WE BREATHE.

300
00:11:24,333 --> 00:11:27,300
WE ALSO GENERATE
A LOT OF OZONE OURSELVES.

301
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:29,066
AND I'LL TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT
MORE ABOUT THAT

302
00:11:29,066 --> 00:11:30,566
IN A LITTLE WHILE,

303
00:11:30,566 --> 00:11:32,300
BUT OZONE IS GREAT TO HAVE
BUT AWFUL TO BREATHE.

304
00:11:32,300 --> 00:11:34,666
JUST REMEMBER THAT.

305
00:11:34,666 --> 00:11:36,500
ALL RIGHT, I THINK THAT'S
EVERYTHING I WANTED TO TELL YOU.

306
00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:38,266
OH, AND THE VERY BOTTOM
OF THE ATMOSPHERE

307
00:11:38,266 --> 00:11:39,666
THE LOWEST PART OF THE
TROPOSPHERE

308
00:11:39,666 --> 00:11:42,733
IS CALLED THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY
LAYER OR THE MIXED LAYER.

309
00:11:42,733 --> 00:11:43,966
THAT'S THE AIR--

310
00:11:43,966 --> 00:11:45,700
HAVE YOU EVER NOTICED SOMETIMES
YOU'LL GET

311
00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:49,833
A VERY STILL LAYER AT NIGHTTIME?

312
00:11:49,833 --> 00:11:51,533
MAYBE YOU'LL GET A FOG TO FORM

313
00:11:51,533 --> 00:11:53,800
AND THAT'LL START TO MIX UPWARDS
IN THE MORNING

314
00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:55,366
WHEN THE SUN COMES UP
AND HEATS THE GROUND?

315
00:11:55,366 --> 00:11:57,500
THAT'S THE MIXED LAYER,
SO THE HEATING OF THE SURFACE

316
00:11:57,500 --> 00:11:59,333
OF THE EARTH IN THE MORNING

317
00:11:59,333 --> 00:12:02,700
MAKES THE MIXED LAYER DEEPER,
MORE CONVECTIVE,

318
00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:04,600
AND MAKES A TALLER LAYER

319
00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:06,933
WHERE PRETTY MUCH EVERYTHING
IN THAT BOTTOM LAYER

320
00:12:06,933 --> 00:12:10,966
IS UNIFORMLY MIXED JUST BY
THE MOTIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

321
00:12:10,966 --> 00:12:12,900
AND DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE
AND WHAT TIME OF YEAR

322
00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:15,000
AND HOW MUCH SUN YOU'VE HAD,
THAT CAN BE SOMETHING LIKE

323
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:16,566
500 FEET THICK,

324
00:12:16,566 --> 00:12:19,533
OR IT CAN BE MORE LIKE
7,000 FEET THICK,

325
00:12:19,533 --> 00:12:21,266
DEPENDING ON A LOT OF THINGS.

326
00:12:21,266 --> 00:12:23,266
AND SO WE LIKE TO MEASURE
IN THAT MIXED LAYER

327
00:12:23,266 --> 00:12:25,400
IF WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT HUMANS ARE DOING DOWN HERE,

328
00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:27,333
BECAUSE THAT'S WHERE
ALL OF OUR POLLUTION

329
00:12:27,333 --> 00:12:31,466
GENERALLY STAYS TRAPPED
IN THE SHORT TERM.

330
00:12:31,466 --> 00:12:33,900
SO WHAT AM I GONNA TELL YOU
ABOUT TODAY?

331
00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:35,766
I KNOW NOT EVERYONE HERE
IS FROM CALIFORNIA,

332
00:12:35,766 --> 00:12:37,800
SO HERE'S A MAP OF CALIFORNIA.

333
00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:40,133
WE'RE RIGHT IN THE CENTER WHERE
ALL THOSE FLIGHTS ORIGINATE,

334
00:12:40,133 --> 00:12:42,433
SO RIGHT THERE AT THE BOTTOM
OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

335
00:12:42,433 --> 00:12:43,800
THE FIRST THING
I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT

336
00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:45,533
IS THE YELLOW FLIGHT TRACK.

337
00:12:45,533 --> 00:12:47,733
CAN YOU SEE THAT IT GOES INLAND
INTO THE CENTRAL VALLEY?

338
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:49,900
IT GOES TO A TOWN CALLED MERCED.
IT'S NEARBY,

339
00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,133
AND THEY HAVE VERY FRIENDLY
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS.

340
00:12:53,133 --> 00:12:54,933
AND THEY LET US COME
TO THEIR AIRPORT

341
00:12:54,933 --> 00:12:56,400
AND MAKE A VERTICAL PROFILE,

342
00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:58,633
A SPIRAL DOWN FROM THE TOP
TO THE BOTTOM,

343
00:12:58,633 --> 00:13:00,833
TO MEASURE THE COMPOSITION
OF THE AIR

344
00:13:00,833 --> 00:13:03,966
AT ALL OF THE LEVELS
FROM ABOUT 27,000 FEET

345
00:13:03,966 --> 00:13:06,200
DOWN TO ABOUT 1,000 FEET.

346
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,033
THEN WE GO OFFSHORE,

347
00:13:08,033 --> 00:13:10,033
AND YOU CAN SEE THE YELLOW LINE
GOES OFF OVER THE PACIFIC,

348
00:13:10,033 --> 00:13:11,833
AND WE DO THE EXACT SAME THING
AGAIN.

349
00:13:11,833 --> 00:13:13,700
THAT AIR SHOULD BE CLEANER,
RIGHT?

350
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:15,166
IT HASN'T SEEN
THE CENTRAL VALLEY.

351
00:13:15,166 --> 00:13:17,433
IT HASN'T SEEN A BUNCH OF HUMANS
IN PROBABLY THREE OR FOUR,

352
00:13:17,433 --> 00:13:19,266
FIVE DAYS, DEPENDING ON HOW LONG
IT'S TAKEN IT

353
00:13:19,266 --> 00:13:21,200
TO COME ACROSS THE PACIFIC.

354
00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,400
LET ME TELL YOU, THOUGH,
IT'S NOT ALWAYS CLEAN.

355
00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:26,233
OFTEN IT'S JUST AS BAD,
AND SOME DAYS THE WIND REVERSES

356
00:13:26,233 --> 00:13:28,633
AND ALL THE CRUD FROM ONSHORE
BLOWS OUT OVER THE OCEAN.

357
00:13:28,633 --> 00:13:30,866
SO I MADE A MISTAKE--
AND THEY CALL A PROFILE

358
00:13:30,866 --> 00:13:33,433
A CLEAN BACKGROUND PROFILE
WHEN IT'S REALLY NOT,

359
00:13:33,433 --> 00:13:35,400
BUT WHAT I MEAN IS
IT'S OUT OVER THE OCEAN

360
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:37,966
AND WE THOUGHT
IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN CLEAN.

361
00:13:37,966 --> 00:13:40,266
THEN I ALSO WANT TO TELL YOU
ABOUT THREE WILD--

362
00:13:40,266 --> 00:13:42,200
THEN I'LL TAKE YOU
ON THE PURPLE TRIP

363
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:44,366
IF YOU CAN SEE THAT PURPLE
OR BLUE ONE DOWN THERE.

364
00:13:44,366 --> 00:13:46,400
THAT ONE GOES DOWN
TO SAN LUIS OBISPO,

365
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:50,866
AND THAT WILL TAKE A LOOK AT
SOME DAIRY SOURCES OF METHANE.

366
00:13:50,866 --> 00:13:53,433
THEN WE'VE GOT THREE FIRES
TO SHOW YOU.

367
00:13:53,433 --> 00:13:55,666
THE WHITE ONE IS THE RIM FIRE
FROM LAST YEAR.

368
00:13:55,666 --> 00:13:57,433
I'M PRESUMING MOST OF YOU
HAVE HEARD ABOUT THAT,

369
00:13:57,433 --> 00:13:59,500
ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE FROM
OUT WEST HERE.

370
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:02,266
THAT WAS A BIG ONE IN--
VERY NEAR YOSEMITE.

371
00:14:02,266 --> 00:14:04,366
THIS YEAR WE'VE GOT
THE GREEN ONE.

372
00:14:04,366 --> 00:14:07,100
THAT WAS THE EL PORTAL FIRE,
WHICH IS MOSTLY CONTAINED.

373
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:09,100
I FORGOT TO CHECK THIS MORNING.

374
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:11,266
AND THE BIG, JUICY ONE
IS THE RED ONE.

375
00:14:11,266 --> 00:14:12,966
SO UP IN SHASTA COUNTY,

376
00:14:12,966 --> 00:14:14,700
THERE ARE TWO FIRES BURNING
RIGHT NOW--

377
00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:16,966
BALD AND EILER--

378
00:14:16,966 --> 00:14:19,066
AND SO WE WENT UP AND TOOK
A LOOK AT THOSE YESTERDAY.

379
00:14:19,066 --> 00:14:21,200
SO WHOO-HOO.

380
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:23,833
ALL RIGHT, SO FIRST,
LET'S GO LOOK

381
00:14:23,833 --> 00:14:25,600
FOR SOME STRATOSPHERIC AIR
THAT'S BEEN PULLED DOWN.

382
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:27,033
AND I'M GONNA CHECK MY TIME,

383
00:14:27,033 --> 00:14:29,266
'CAUSE I DON'T WANT TO RUN OUT.

384
00:14:29,266 --> 00:14:31,333
OKAY.

385
00:14:31,333 --> 00:14:34,300
SO THE FIRST PICTURE ON THE LEFT
SHOWS THE WING POD.

386
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,233
SO THE OUTBOARD IS FUEL
AND THE INBOARD IS THE SENSORS.

387
00:14:37,233 --> 00:14:39,200
YOU CAN SEE
THE LITTLE NASA LOGO.

388
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:40,600
THAT'S HOW YOU KNOW IT'S US.

389
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:42,933
LOOKING OUT ACTUALLY
FROM THE BACK--

390
00:14:42,933 --> 00:14:44,433
SO THIS AIRCRAFT TAKES
TWO PILOTS--

391
00:14:44,433 --> 00:14:46,200
A FRONT SEATER
AND A BACKSEATER.

392
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,233
THE BACKSEATER HAD A MOMENT
TO BREATHE,

393
00:14:48,233 --> 00:14:50,433
TOOK A PICTURE OUT THE WINDOW
LOOKING DOWN AT THE RUNWAY

394
00:14:50,433 --> 00:14:51,933
AT CASTLE AIRPORT IN MERCED,

395
00:14:51,933 --> 00:14:54,266
THE ONE WHERE I TOLD YOU WE DO
THESE VERTICAL PROFILES.

396
00:14:54,266 --> 00:14:55,833
SO THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE
FROM THE BACKSEAT

397
00:14:55,833 --> 00:14:57,500
OF THE ALPHA JET, APPARENTLY.

398
00:14:57,500 --> 00:14:59,600
[whispers] I'VE NOT BEEN UP.

399
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:01,866
THE RED FLIGHT TRACK IN THE
MIDDLE IS JUST TO REMIND YOU.

400
00:15:01,866 --> 00:15:03,433
IT'S THE SAME AS THE YELLOW ONE.

401
00:15:03,433 --> 00:15:06,733
WE'VE DONE THIS FLIGHT PROBABLY
20 OR 30 TIMES BY NOW.

402
00:15:06,733 --> 00:15:08,466
THEY'RE ALMOST ALWAYS
EXACTLY THE SAME,

403
00:15:08,466 --> 00:15:11,266
UNLESS AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL MAKES
US DO SOMETHING FUNNY.

404
00:15:11,266 --> 00:15:13,166
BUT THE DATA IS SHOWN
IN THE RIGHT PLOT.

405
00:15:13,166 --> 00:15:14,833
SO THAT ONE'S A LITTLE HARD
TO GET YOUR HEAD AROUND

406
00:15:14,833 --> 00:15:16,500
IF YOU'RE NOT EXPECTING IT.

407
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:18,666
THE COLOR IS THE AMOUNT OF OZONE
THAT WAS MEASURED.

408
00:15:18,666 --> 00:15:21,133
ON THE GROUND IS LATITUDE
AND LONGITUDE.

409
00:15:21,133 --> 00:15:24,000
AND THEN THE THIRD DIMENSION
IN THAT PLOT IS ALTITUDE.

410
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,733
SO YOU CAN SEE
THE TWO VERTICAL CORKSCREWS.

411
00:15:27,733 --> 00:15:30,000
THOSE ARE THE VERTICAL PROFILES.

412
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:31,766
AND IT'S LIKE ONE OF
THOSE PICTURES

413
00:15:31,766 --> 00:15:34,166
THAT ONCE YOU FIGURE IT OUT,
IT'LL ALL MAKE SENSE.

414
00:15:34,166 --> 00:15:36,300
WHAT YOU CAN PROBABLY SEE,
ONCE IT MAKES SENSE TO YOU,

415
00:15:36,300 --> 00:15:38,533
IS THAT RED PLANE,

416
00:15:38,533 --> 00:15:40,700
THE RED SLICE OF OZONE

417
00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:42,366
IN BETWEEN BLUE ABOVE

418
00:15:42,366 --> 00:15:44,066
AND BLUE AND GREEN BELOW--

419
00:15:44,066 --> 00:15:46,466
SO RED IS THE HIGHEST AMOUNT
OF OZONE ON THAT PLOT.

420
00:15:46,466 --> 00:15:50,033
AND SO THERE'S A TONGUE OF OZONE
THAT'S BEEN PULLED DOWN IN

421
00:15:50,033 --> 00:15:53,233
AND LIVES BETWEEN TWO LAYERS
OF LESS OZONE.

422
00:15:53,233 --> 00:15:55,266
THAT'S WHAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR,
IN FACT.

423
00:15:55,266 --> 00:15:57,533
SO OVER THE COURSE OF THE YEAR
THAT WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT--

424
00:15:57,533 --> 00:15:59,633
YOU KNOW, THE YEAR THAT
WE'VE MADE THESE MEASUREMENTS,

425
00:15:59,633 --> 00:16:03,066
WE'VE SEEN A RESPECTABLE HANDFUL
OF THESE PHENOMENA,

426
00:16:03,066 --> 00:16:06,066
AND WE'VE MADE FRIENDS
WITH FOLKS DOWNSTREAM.

427
00:16:07,666 --> 00:16:09,800
SO IF I SWITCH THE PROJECTION
FOR YOU NOW,

428
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:11,133
HERE'S A PLAIN OLD MAP.

429
00:16:11,133 --> 00:16:13,966
AND YOU CAN PROBABLY SEE
THE BLACK FLIGHT PLAN,

430
00:16:13,966 --> 00:16:15,966
THE ONSHORE/OFFSHORE CIRCLES

431
00:16:15,966 --> 00:16:18,200
THAT'S STARTING TO LOOK FAMILIAR
TO YOU NOW.

432
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:22,000
WHAT'S--THE COLORS BEHIND IT
IS OZONE FROM A CHEMICAL MODEL

433
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:23,533
CALLED RAQMS.

434
00:16:23,533 --> 00:16:26,533
AND THAT MODEL IS PREDICTING
ORANGE AMOUNTS,

435
00:16:26,533 --> 00:16:28,300
HIGH AMOUNTS OF OZONE,

436
00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:31,000
ON THE DAY IN THE PLACE
THAT WE FLEW

437
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,266
AND LESS OZONE
IN OTHER LOCATIONS.

438
00:16:34,266 --> 00:16:37,266
THE BOTTOM PLOT IS ALSO FROM
THE SAME CHEMICAL MODEL.

439
00:16:37,266 --> 00:16:40,300
YOU'VE GOT ALTITUDE ON
THE Y-AXIS, LIKE YOU'D EXPECT.

440
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,566
THE X-AXIS IS LATITUDE WITH--

441
00:16:42,566 --> 00:16:44,200
[clears throat]
EXCUSE ME.

442
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:45,733
WITH THE POLE
TOWARDS YOUR RIGHT

443
00:16:45,733 --> 00:16:47,666
AND THE EQUATOR
TOWARDS YOUR LEFT.

444
00:16:47,666 --> 00:16:49,700
THE COLOR IS OZONE AGAIN.

445
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,466
SO NOW YOU CAN REALLY SEE
HOW THE RED AMOUNTS OF OZONE,

446
00:16:52,466 --> 00:16:55,500
THE 100/120 PARTS PER BILLION
OF OZONE UP IN THE STRATOSPHERE,

447
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:58,066
ARE BEING PULLED DOWN
IN THAT TONGUE

448
00:16:58,066 --> 00:17:01,266
THAT'S STICKING DOWN RIGHT
TOWARDS OUR BLACK FLIGHT LINE.

449
00:17:01,266 --> 00:17:04,766
THAT'S THE TONGUE OF OZONE
OF STRATOSPHERIC AIR

450
00:17:04,766 --> 00:17:06,666
THAT'S BEEN PULLED DOWN
BY THE WEATHER SYSTEM.

451
00:17:06,666 --> 00:17:09,033
AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT WE SAW
WHEN WE FLEW.

452
00:17:09,033 --> 00:17:12,033
SO THIS IS REALLY
AN AMAZING COINCIDENCE

453
00:17:12,033 --> 00:17:15,400
BOTH IN TIME AND--
AND BY MEETING THE RIGHT PEOPLE

454
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:17,666
AND--AND NETWORKING
IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

455
00:17:17,666 --> 00:17:20,833
OF MODEL AND DATA.

456
00:17:20,833 --> 00:17:24,533
SO WE SAID, "HEY,"
TO OUR FRIEND BRAD

457
00:17:24,533 --> 00:17:26,833
WHO RUNS THIS MODEL,
"HOW'D YOUR MODEL DO?"

458
00:17:26,833 --> 00:17:29,700
AND OUR DATA IS IN BLACK,

459
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:32,966
AND TWO DIFFERENT TYPES
OF MODEL RUNS ARE IN RED.

460
00:17:35,633 --> 00:17:38,066
YOU CAN TELL THAT THE MODEL IS
ABSOLUTELY GETTING THE FEATURES

461
00:17:38,066 --> 00:17:41,300
BUT NOT AS NARROWLY,
NOT AS TIGHTLY,

462
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:43,400
AND NOT TO THE MAGNITUDE.

463
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:45,700
SO THE BLACK SPIKES OF OZONE

464
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:49,000
THAT YOU SEE GOING UP
IN THE AIRCRAFT DATA

465
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:50,800
ARE VERY NARROW

466
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:52,766
AND THEY GO TO VERY HIGH AMOUNTS
OF OZONE.

467
00:17:52,766 --> 00:17:56,766
THE MODEL SMEARS THOSE OUT INTO
BROADER, SHORTER RED FEATURES

468
00:17:56,766 --> 00:17:58,500
ON THIS PLOT.

469
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:00,433
SO WE'VE BEEN OFFERING OUR DATA
TO THE MODELERS

470
00:18:00,433 --> 00:18:02,766
TO SAY, "HEY, IF YOU WOULD LIKE
TO IMPROVE YOUR MODELS,

471
00:18:02,766 --> 00:18:05,100
HERE'S SOME REAL DATA IN THE
ATMOSPHERE THAT WE CAN OFFER."

472
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:06,666
SO THAT'S BEEN A LOT OF FUN.

473
00:18:06,666 --> 00:18:08,733
WE'RE REALLY ENJOYING
THAT COLLABORATION.

474
00:18:08,733 --> 00:18:11,100
IT'S HELPING FOLKS IN PLACES
LIKE WYOMING AND NEVADA

475
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,000
WHERE THESE TONGUES GET DRAWN
ALL THE WAY DOWN TO THE SURFACE.

476
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,766
IT'S HELPING THOSE FOLKS

477
00:18:15,766 --> 00:18:18,366
TO BE ABLE TO MAKE THEIR CASE
TO THE EPA THAT THIS DAY

478
00:18:18,366 --> 00:18:20,800
WHEN MY MONITORS WENT OFF SCALE
IT WASN'T OUR FAULT.

479
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:22,766
YOU COULD STOP ALL
OF OUR LOCAL EMISSIONS

480
00:18:22,766 --> 00:18:24,366
AND YOU'D STILL HAVE THIS OZONE

481
00:18:24,366 --> 00:18:25,900
THAT CAME DOWN
FROM THE STRATOSPHERE

482
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:27,566
AND MADE OUR AIR QUALITY
HORRIBLE.

483
00:18:27,566 --> 00:18:29,400
PLEASE DON'T PENALIZE US.

484
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,333
AND THERE'S AN APPEALS PROCESS
FOR THE STATES TO GO THROUGH

485
00:18:32,333 --> 00:18:33,966
WITH THE EPA

486
00:18:33,966 --> 00:18:35,566
AND ONE OF THESE DAYS, THE ONE
I JUST SHOWED YOU IN FACT,

487
00:18:35,566 --> 00:18:38,433
OUR DATA WAS USED IN ONE
OF THOSE PACKETS TO THE EPA

488
00:18:38,433 --> 00:18:40,066
ON BEHALF OF WYOMING,
TRYING TO APPEAL--

489
00:18:40,066 --> 00:18:44,366
"PLEASE DON'T PUNISH US.
THIS WAS NATURAL"--

490
00:18:44,366 --> 00:18:48,933
THEIR STATE OZONE
REGULATED LEVELS.

491
00:18:48,933 --> 00:18:50,266
SO THAT'S BEEN REALLY COOL.

492
00:18:50,266 --> 00:18:52,000
IT'S REALLY NICE TO BE ABLE
TO TAKE THIS DATA

493
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,900
AND APPLY IT TO SOMETHING THAT
REAL PEOPLE ACTUALLY FEEL

494
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:58,033
AND BREATHE AND THAT REALLY
IMPACTS PEOPLE'S LIVES.

495
00:18:58,033 --> 00:18:59,800
IT'S REALLY BEEN GREAT.

496
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,933
IN ANOTHER WAY, WE GET TO GO
AND SNIFF AROUND CATTLE.

497
00:19:03,933 --> 00:19:06,933
THIS IS SOME DATA
THAT WE COLLECTED

498
00:19:06,933 --> 00:19:08,500
IN A CAMPAIGN CALLED COW-GAS.

499
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,866
AND YES, AT NASA AND EVERYWHERE
IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

500
00:19:11,866 --> 00:19:14,466
WE WORK REALLY HARD
TO MAKE OUR ACRONYMS SPIFFY.

501
00:19:14,466 --> 00:19:16,666
THIS ONE ACTUALLY WORKS.

502
00:19:16,666 --> 00:19:18,466
IT'S--WHAT WAS IT?

503
00:19:18,466 --> 00:19:20,733
CALIFORNIA--

504
00:19:20,733 --> 00:19:23,133
OH, I CAN'T EVEN REMEMBER
HOW IT WORKED OUT.

505
00:19:23,133 --> 00:19:26,933
THE "W" WAS WINTERTIME
AND THE "C" IS CALIFORNIA,

506
00:19:26,933 --> 00:19:28,933
BUT IT WORKED OUT SO THAT
WE COULD CALL IT COW-GAS.

507
00:19:28,933 --> 00:19:31,566
BUT THE GOAL WAS TO GO
AND SEE WHAT'S UP WITH DAIRIES.

508
00:19:31,566 --> 00:19:36,400
DAIRY CATTLE AND MEAT CATTLE
BOTH PRODUCE METHANE

509
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,833
FROM THEIR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM,
ALL RUMINANTS DO,

510
00:19:38,833 --> 00:19:40,133
BUT IT'S KNOWN THAT DAIRY CATTLE

511
00:19:40,133 --> 00:19:43,400
PRODUCE A SIGNIFICANT MORE--

512
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,966
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT MORE METHANE

513
00:19:45,966 --> 00:19:47,933
THAN MEAT CATTLE.

514
00:19:47,933 --> 00:19:51,266
AND OFTEN, DAIRY CATTLE
ARE KEPT IN A WAY

515
00:19:51,266 --> 00:19:53,200
WHERE THEIR WASTE IS COLLECTED,

516
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,933
BECAUSE THEY'RE ALWAYS BROUGHT
BACK TO THE BARN FOR MILKING.

517
00:19:55,933 --> 00:19:58,166
THEY'RE NOT LET FREE RANGE,
GENERALLY,

518
00:19:58,166 --> 00:20:00,400
'CAUSE IT WOULD BE VERY HARD
TO COLLECT THEM UP TO MILK THEM.

519
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:02,266
SO THEY'RE KEPT TOGETHER,
AND THEIR WASTES

520
00:20:02,266 --> 00:20:05,966
ARE THEREFORE COLLECTED TOGETHER
IN A BIG SLUDGE POND.

521
00:20:07,933 --> 00:20:10,033
GUESS WHERE THE METHANE
COMES FROM.

522
00:20:10,033 --> 00:20:12,466
SO THERE'S A LOT OF EFFORT

523
00:20:12,466 --> 00:20:14,300
TO UNDERSTAND THE EMISSIONS
OF METHANE.

524
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,700
IT'S ABOUT 120 TIMES STRONGER,
GREENHOUSE GAS,

525
00:20:17,700 --> 00:20:19,500
THAN CARBON DIOXIDE IS.

526
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:21,366
AND IT'S A PLACE,
IN THIS PARTICULAR INDUSTRY,

527
00:20:21,366 --> 00:20:22,766
YOU COULD IMAGINE,

528
00:20:22,766 --> 00:20:25,266
WHERE YOU COULD IMPLEMENT
A COLLECTION SYSTEM

529
00:20:25,266 --> 00:20:27,133
OR FIND A WAY TO MITIGATE
THAT EMISSION.

530
00:20:27,133 --> 00:20:29,633
SO KNOWING
WHAT WE'RE UP AGAINST

531
00:20:29,633 --> 00:20:31,600
IS REALLY MOST OF THE BATTLE.

532
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:33,466
SO THERE ARE DIFFERENT
MEASUREMENTS OUT THERE.

533
00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:35,633
IT'S A NEW PLACE
TO BE STUDYING.

534
00:20:35,633 --> 00:20:39,600
SO WE JOINED THIS CAMPAIGN
LED BY A FELLA NAMED IRA LEIFER

535
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:41,966
DOWN AT CAL POLY
SAN LUIS OBISPO.

536
00:20:41,966 --> 00:20:44,766
AND HE HAS TWO GROUND-BASED--

537
00:20:44,766 --> 00:20:46,833
ONE'S A CAR AND ONE'S AN RV--

538
00:20:46,833 --> 00:20:48,233
MOBILE LABORATORIES THAT MEASURE

539
00:20:48,233 --> 00:20:50,766
ALMOST ANY CHEMICAL COMPOUND
YOU COULD IMAGINE,

540
00:20:50,766 --> 00:20:52,633
ESPECIALLY ALL THE ONES THAT
COME OUT OF COWS

541
00:20:52,633 --> 00:20:54,633
AND HUMANS AND FOSSIL FUELS,

542
00:20:54,633 --> 00:20:56,566
AND HE MAPPED OUT--

543
00:20:56,566 --> 00:21:00,300
IF YOU CAN SEE THE TWO BARNS,
THE VERTICAL WHITE--

544
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:02,300
CAN I USE THE MOUSE?
WILL THIS WORK?

545
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:03,900
CAN YOU SEE THAT?
HEY!

546
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:06,433
THE TWO BARNS,
HERE'S THE WASTE POND.

547
00:21:06,433 --> 00:21:07,900
AND THIS RED DOTTED LINE
IS THE PATH

548
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:12,900
THAT THE MOBILE SENSORS
DROVE AROUND DURING THE DAY.

549
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:15,566
SO DURING THE COURSE OF THE DAY,
THEY DROVE AROUND.

550
00:21:15,566 --> 00:21:18,066
THEY TOOK A VARIETY
OF DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS--

551
00:21:18,066 --> 00:21:20,166
SOME UP LOOKING AT THE SUN,

552
00:21:20,166 --> 00:21:21,800
SOME COLLECTING AIR SAMPLES--

553
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:24,100
AND THEN AROUND MIDDAY,
THE ALPHA JET CAME IN

554
00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:27,566
AND WE COLLECTED DATA
TO EXPLAIN THE AIR ABOVE.

555
00:21:29,533 --> 00:21:31,500
SO HERE'S AN OVERVIEW
OF OUR FLIGHT THAT DAY.

556
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:34,666
WE STARTED AT MOFFETT FIELD
UP HERE.

557
00:21:34,666 --> 00:21:36,366
CAME DOWN THROUGH
THE CENTRAL VALLEY.

558
00:21:36,366 --> 00:21:37,766
WE WANTED TO GET A SENSE

559
00:21:37,766 --> 00:21:39,633
OF WHAT WAS GOING ON EVERYWHERE
ELSE IN THE REGION

560
00:21:39,633 --> 00:21:42,100
SO IF SOMETHING REALLY STRANGE
WAS HAPPENING IN THE AREA,

561
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:44,166
WE WOULDN'T NECESSARILY WRONGLY
ATTRIBUTE IT TO THE DAIRY.

562
00:21:44,166 --> 00:21:46,000
SO WE TOOK A LOOK
ALONG THE CENTRAL VALLEY.

563
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:47,933
THEN WE CAME OVER
TO SAN LUIS OBISPO

564
00:21:47,933 --> 00:21:50,066
AND TOOK A VERTICAL PROFILE.

565
00:21:50,066 --> 00:21:51,900
THEN WE WENT ALONG
THIS LITTLE VALLEY HERE

566
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:53,866
OUT TO FIND SOME CLEAN AIR,

567
00:21:53,866 --> 00:21:56,266
AND THEN CAME BACK HOME.

568
00:21:56,266 --> 00:21:59,266
SO IF I SHOW YOU METHANE

569
00:21:59,266 --> 00:22:01,900
IN THIS COLOR SCHEME
WHERE RED IS HIGH METHANE

570
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:04,600
AND BLUE IS LESS METHANE,

571
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:06,433
YOU CAN SEE THERE WAS LESS
METHANE ABOVE

572
00:22:06,433 --> 00:22:09,133
AND A LOT MORE DOWN HERE
IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER,

573
00:22:09,133 --> 00:22:11,200
IN THE MIXED LAYER
WHERE ALL THE HUMAN

574
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,800
AND ANIMAL EMISSIONS GET MIXED.

575
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,566
HERE'S A PLOT OF IT IN--
WITH THE VERTICAL--

576
00:22:15,566 --> 00:22:18,466
JUST THE VERTICAL INFORMATION

577
00:22:18,466 --> 00:22:21,133
AND THE QUANTITY OF METHANE
ON THE X-AXIS.

578
00:22:21,133 --> 00:22:23,866
SO YOU CAN SEE THERE WAS
A NICE ENHANCED LAYER OF METHANE

579
00:22:23,866 --> 00:22:25,600
DOWN AT THE SURFACE.

580
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:29,366
THE HIGHEST AMOUNT WAS FOUND
AT ABOUT 700 METERS,

581
00:22:29,366 --> 00:22:33,066
WHICH IS ABOUT 2,100 FEET,
ABOVE THE GROUND.

582
00:22:33,066 --> 00:22:34,933
SO THIS DATA IS NOW BEING
FOLDED INTO THE ANALYSIS WITH

583
00:22:34,933 --> 00:22:37,566
ALL OF THE OTHER INSTRUMENTS
AND ALL THE OTHER INVESTIGATORS

584
00:22:37,566 --> 00:22:39,466
WHO WERE PRESENT
FOR THAT CAMPAIGN.

585
00:22:39,466 --> 00:22:42,233
AND IT'S SERVING AS THE--
THE PRECURSOR CAMPAIGN

586
00:22:42,233 --> 00:22:44,800
FOR ANOTHER ONE,
A LARGER SCALE CAMPAIGN

587
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:46,800
OF SIMILAR INSTRUMENTATION
GOING ON THIS SUMMER, ACTUALLY,

588
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:48,500
CALLED COMEX.

589
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:50,966
SO WE ARE WORKING WITH THIS TEAM

590
00:22:50,966 --> 00:22:53,933
TO COMBINE THE REGIONAL DATA
THAT AJAX WAS ABLE TO COLLECT

591
00:22:53,933 --> 00:22:56,266
WITH THE LOCAL DATA THAT
WAS COLLECTED ON THE GROUND

592
00:22:56,266 --> 00:22:59,700
AND KNOWING WHAT WAS HAPPENING
AT THE DAIRY THAT DAY

593
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:02,600
BECAUSE THEY HAD A COLLABORATOR
WHO WAS DOING THINGS LIKE

594
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:04,100
PUTTING THE COWS IN,
TAKING THE COWS OUT,

595
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:07,066
STIRRING THE SLUDGE POND,
WASHING DOWN THE SURFACES,

596
00:23:07,066 --> 00:23:09,333
AND SO THERE'S GONNA BE A LOT
OF INTERESTING INFORMATION

597
00:23:09,333 --> 00:23:12,200
FROM THAT CAMPAIGN ABOUT
HOW ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

598
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:14,866
COULD BE MODIFIED IN A WAY
THAT COULD HELP US

599
00:23:14,866 --> 00:23:17,433
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF METHANE
EMITTED.

600
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,566
ALL RIGHT, THIS IS
WHAT I'VE BEEN WAITING FOR.

601
00:23:24,433 --> 00:23:26,033
OKAY.

602
00:23:26,033 --> 00:23:28,833
FOREST FIRES EMIT
CARBON DIOXIDE.

603
00:23:28,833 --> 00:23:31,400
ANYTHING THAT BURNS
EMITS CARBON DIOXIDE,

604
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,066
BUT THEY ALSO EMIT METHANE.

605
00:23:34,066 --> 00:23:36,066
AND THE RATIO OF METHANE
TO CARBON DIOXIDE

606
00:23:36,066 --> 00:23:37,800
THAT IS EMITTED
FROM FOREST FIRES

607
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:39,933
IS A NUMBER THAT, YOU KNOW,
EVERYONE THINKS THEY KNOW,

608
00:23:39,933 --> 00:23:42,100
AND THEY PUT THAT NUMBER
INTO THEIR MODELS.

609
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:44,333
WELL, IT'S NOT RIGHT,
AND IT'S NOT ONE ANSWER.

610
00:23:44,333 --> 00:23:47,100
AND SINCE METHANE IS SUCH
AN IMPORTANT GREENHOUSE GAS,

611
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:49,366
IT'S SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE
BETTER STUDIED,

612
00:23:49,366 --> 00:23:52,000
ESPECIALLY OUT HERE IN THE WEST
WHERE WE HAVE WILDFIRES.

613
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:54,233
WILDFIRES ARE VERY DIFFERENT
FROM GRASS FIRES.

614
00:23:54,233 --> 00:23:56,033
THEY SMOLDER.
THEY LAST A LONG TIME.

615
00:23:56,033 --> 00:23:57,600
THEY CAN LAST WEEKS.

616
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,200
I MEAN, THE RIM FIRE LASTED
OVER A MONTH.

617
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:04,900
SO WE'VE BEEN SAMPLING WILDFIRES
WHENEVER THEY'RE CLOSE ENOUGH.

618
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:07,366
LIKE I TOLD YOU, OUR RANGE
IS ONLY ABOUT 1,000 KILOMETERS.

619
00:24:07,366 --> 00:24:09,466
WE ONLY HAVE ABOUT TWO HOURS
OF FLIGHT TIME.

620
00:24:09,466 --> 00:24:11,133
SO WHENEVER THERE'S A FIRE
CLOSE ENOUGH,

621
00:24:11,133 --> 00:24:13,266
WE GO OUT AND TRY TO GET
MEASUREMENTS AROUND IT.

622
00:24:13,266 --> 00:24:15,033
AND IN FACT, THE RIM FIRE,
WE WERE FORTUNATE

623
00:24:15,033 --> 00:24:16,600
TO BE ABLE TO MEASURE TWICE--

624
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:18,600
ONCE EARLY
WHEN IT WAS HOT AND FLAMING

625
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,733
AND ONCE MUCH LATER
WHEN IT WAS A MORE TAME,

626
00:24:21,733 --> 00:24:23,800
NEARLY CONTAINED FIRE

627
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,300
AND PROBABLY A LOT MORE
SMOLDERING COMBUSTION.

628
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:28,533
WE ALSO HAVE A COLLABORATION
WITH A FELLOW

629
00:24:28,533 --> 00:24:30,666
AT SAN JOSÉ STATE,
PROFESSOR CRAIG CLEMENTS,

630
00:24:30,666 --> 00:24:33,166
WHO--WHOSE AREA OF EXPERTISE

631
00:24:33,166 --> 00:24:34,900
IS THE MICROMETEOROLOGY,

632
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:38,266
THE WINDS AND THE WIND FIELDS
IN SMOKE PLUMES.

633
00:24:38,266 --> 00:24:42,400
SO HE'S ACTUALLY GOT AN AMAZING
SET OF INSTRUMENTATION

634
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,166
AND THEY'RE ALL, LIKE,
FIRE TRAINED.

635
00:24:45,166 --> 00:24:47,200
THEY CAN ACTUALLY GO OUT
VERY CLOSE TO A FIRE

636
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,066
AND SET UP THEIR EQUIPMENT

637
00:24:49,066 --> 00:24:51,466
AND MEASURE THE STRUCTURE
OF THE PLUME

638
00:24:51,466 --> 00:24:53,533
MUCH CLOSER THAN, YOU KNOW--

639
00:24:53,533 --> 00:24:55,633
THEY'RE EVEN ALLOWED INSIDE THE,
LIKE, FIREFIGHTER PERIMETER.

640
00:24:55,633 --> 00:24:58,300
SO THIS DATA--THESE PHOTOS

641
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,700
ARE FROM A DAY THAT WE WENT
TO OVERFLY

642
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:03,133
THEIR GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS.

643
00:25:03,133 --> 00:25:06,700
SO THESE PHOTOS WERE COLLECTED

644
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,700
FROM THE HIGHWAY
NEAR THE RIM FIRE.

645
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:12,466
SO I JUST WANT TO SHOW YOU
HOW BAD THAT REALLY WAS.

646
00:25:12,466 --> 00:25:14,933
I MEAN, THAT'S ACTUALLY
TRUE COLOR FROM WHAT I'M TOLD

647
00:25:14,933 --> 00:25:17,033
BY THE STUDENT
WHO TOOK THESE PHOTOS.

648
00:25:17,033 --> 00:25:18,800
THIS IS THE RIG

649
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,200
WITH THE SCANNING LIDAR
ON THE BACK, THE WHITE.

650
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:25,366
THIS IS THE SCANNING LIDAR
THAT GETS THE WIND SPEEDS.

651
00:25:25,366 --> 00:25:27,400
AND THEY LAUNCHED
WEATHER BALLOONS AS WELL

652
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,300
TO GET VERTICAL PROFILES
OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

653
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:32,066
AND WIND.

654
00:25:32,066 --> 00:25:33,800
SO THEN WE FLEW,

655
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:35,866
AND I'M HOPING THESE PHOTOS
ARE COMING OUT PRETTY WELL.

656
00:25:35,866 --> 00:25:39,733
THIS IS, AGAIN, WHAT IT
LOOKS LIKE FROM THE ALPHA JET.

657
00:25:39,733 --> 00:25:41,766
YOU CAN SEE THE FIRE FRONT HERE

658
00:25:41,766 --> 00:25:44,533
AND THIS JUST INCREDIBLE
SMOKE PLUME.

659
00:25:47,733 --> 00:25:50,433
I THINK THIS IS PROBABLY
MY FAVORITE--

660
00:25:50,433 --> 00:25:54,200
YEAH, MY FAVORITE FIRE PHOTO.
[laughs]

661
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:55,933
SO IT WAS JUST
REALLY INCREDIBLE.

662
00:25:55,933 --> 00:25:58,433
THIS WAS THE FIRST TIME
WE FLEW IT, EARLIER IN THE FIRE.

663
00:26:02,766 --> 00:26:05,133
AND THEN, BECAUSE OUR PILOTS
ARE SO AMAZING

664
00:26:05,133 --> 00:26:07,100
AND SO COOPERATIVE,
WE SAID TO THEM,

665
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,600
"SO WE WANT TO MEASURE THE
SMOKE. GO AS CLOSE AS YOU DARE."

666
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,566
AND I'M KIND OF,
YOU KNOW, SUMMARIZING.

667
00:26:12,566 --> 00:26:15,200
AND THEY SAID, "OKAY.
WE'LL SEE YOU IN TWO HOURS."

668
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:17,066
AND SO WE HAD SHOWN THEM
THE MAPS,

669
00:26:17,066 --> 00:26:19,000
AND WE'D SHOWN THEM
WHAT WE KNEW, YOU KNOW,

670
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,100
BUT THAT INFORMATION
IS A LITTLE BIT OLD.

671
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:23,166
FIRES CAN CHANGE REALLY QUICKLY.

672
00:26:23,166 --> 00:26:25,233
SO THEY WENT OUT AND THEY WENT
AND DID A PERIMETER.

673
00:26:25,233 --> 00:26:26,700
AND THEY SAID, "OH, LOOK,
THERE'S SMOKE IN THAT VALLEY.

674
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:28,833
I BET LAURA WANTS
TO SAMPLE THAT."

675
00:26:28,833 --> 00:26:30,600
AND THEY WENT OVER AND THEY GOT
A LITTLE BIT OF VALLEY.

676
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:32,266
SO IT'S REALLY FANTASTIC,

677
00:26:32,266 --> 00:26:34,033
BECAUSE WE CAN SAY
TO OUR PILOTS--

678
00:26:34,033 --> 00:26:35,800
WE'VE BEEN WORKING WITH THEM NOW
FOR YEARS--

679
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,733
WE CAN SAY, "THIS IS WHAT
WE THINK YOU'RE GONNA FIND,

680
00:26:37,733 --> 00:26:39,566
BUT THIS IS WHAT
WE REALLY WANT.

681
00:26:39,566 --> 00:26:41,500
SO IF YOU SEE SOMETHING
DIFFERENT THAN WE EXPECT,

682
00:26:41,500 --> 00:26:43,866
GO GET IT."
AND THEY DO, AND IT'S GREAT.

683
00:26:43,866 --> 00:26:45,533
SO THIS IS THE DATA
THEY CAME HOME WITH.

684
00:26:45,533 --> 00:26:48,133
SO THE BLUE,
THIS IS THE FLIGHT TRACK

685
00:26:48,133 --> 00:26:50,000
WITH CO2,

686
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:51,433
THE MIDDLE IS METHANE,

687
00:26:51,433 --> 00:26:53,033
AND THEN ON THE RIGHT,
I'VE GOT FOR YOU,

688
00:26:53,033 --> 00:26:55,433
THE RATIO OF METHANE TO CO2.

689
00:26:55,433 --> 00:26:58,666
UNDERNEATH,
THESE LITTLE ORANGE PIXELS

690
00:26:58,666 --> 00:27:00,333
ARE THE MODIS HOT SPOTS.

691
00:27:00,333 --> 00:27:02,966
SO MODIS IS A SATELLITE
THAT MEASURES IN THE INFRARED.

692
00:27:02,966 --> 00:27:07,400
AND SO IT HAS A DATA PRODUCT
THAT WILL FIND PIXELS

693
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,033
THAT IT BELIEVES ARE ON FIRE

694
00:27:09,033 --> 00:27:11,200
OR RECENTLY WERE ON FIRE,
AND IT MARKS THEM.

695
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:13,433
AND SO THAT'S WHAT
THESE SPOTS ARE.

696
00:27:13,433 --> 00:27:16,233
AND THEN THIS IS THE IMAGE
THAT SHOWS THE SMOKE.

697
00:27:16,233 --> 00:27:18,733
I THINK THOSE ARE TRUE COLOR.

698
00:27:18,733 --> 00:27:21,966
SO HERE--
OH, THE BLUE DIDN'T WORK.

699
00:27:21,966 --> 00:27:25,666
IF YOU CAN SEE THE LIGHT BLUE
IN THE BOTTOM PANEL

700
00:27:25,666 --> 00:27:27,533
AS A FUNCTION OF TIME,

701
00:27:27,533 --> 00:27:29,066
YOU CAN SEE THE ALTITUDE
THAT WE FLEW.

702
00:27:29,066 --> 00:27:31,133
SO HERE'S THE TAKEOFF.

703
00:27:31,133 --> 00:27:33,500
UP HERE,
A LITTLE BIT OF TRANSIT,

704
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:35,233
AND THEN AT MERCED,

705
00:27:35,233 --> 00:27:37,533
THEY DID THE REGULAR VERTICAL
PROFILE LIKE ALWAYS,

706
00:27:37,533 --> 00:27:39,733
JUST SO WE KNOW SORT OF WHAT THE
CLEAN ATMOSPHERE LOOKS LIKE

707
00:27:39,733 --> 00:27:41,100
THAT DAY.

708
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:44,566
AND THEN THEY WENT OVER
AND FLEW THREE LEGS

709
00:27:44,566 --> 00:27:47,933
ACROSS SORT OF THE DOWNWIND EDGE

710
00:27:47,933 --> 00:27:49,666
OF THE EXCLUSION ZONE.

711
00:27:49,666 --> 00:27:53,000
AND SO THERE'S ACTUALLY THREE
ALTITUDES HERE IN THIS PLOT,

712
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,133
AND YOU CAN KIND OF SEE THREE
LAYERS HERE

713
00:27:55,133 --> 00:27:56,900
IN THE GOOGLE EARTH PLOT.

714
00:27:56,900 --> 00:27:59,366
WHERE IT REALLY JUMPS OUT,
THOUGH, IS ON THIS BOTTOM LAYER.

715
00:27:59,366 --> 00:28:01,433
THIS IS THE LOWEST LAYER,
AND THAT'S WHERE THEY REALLY GOT

716
00:28:01,433 --> 00:28:03,533
DOWN INTO THE PLUME,
SO THE METHANE LEVELS JUMPED UP.

717
00:28:03,533 --> 00:28:05,633
AND I'M GONNA SHOW YOU THAT
ON THE NEXT PAGE.

718
00:28:05,633 --> 00:28:07,166
SO THAT'S WHAT THIS RED CIRCLE

719
00:28:07,166 --> 00:28:09,166
IS MEANT TO DRAW
YOUR ATTENTION TO.

720
00:28:09,166 --> 00:28:11,133
OZONE INCREASED IN THIS PLUME,

721
00:28:11,133 --> 00:28:12,666
WHICH IS WHAT I'VE GOT PLOTTED
IN BLACK.

722
00:28:12,666 --> 00:28:13,933
AND THIS IS THE SAME PLACE.

723
00:28:13,933 --> 00:28:16,000
THIS RED CIRCLE
IS THE SAME PLACE HERE.

724
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:17,933
AND YOU'RE GONNA SEE THAT THESE
ARE GONNA LIGHT UP

725
00:28:17,933 --> 00:28:19,966
ON THE NEXT PAGE, TOO.

726
00:28:19,966 --> 00:28:21,900
SO HERE'S THE SAME RED CIRCLE.

727
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:23,933
SO THIS IS THE ALTITUDE
PROFILE AGAIN.

728
00:28:23,933 --> 00:28:26,266
THIS TIME IT'S IN RED.
HERE'S METHANE.

729
00:28:26,266 --> 00:28:29,333
METHANE REALLY INCREASED
IN THE PLUME, AS DID CO2,

730
00:28:29,333 --> 00:28:30,833
AND THIS IS THE RATIO,
IN THE GREEN

731
00:28:30,833 --> 00:28:33,966
ON THE TOP FOR THE NEXT
FEW TIMES YOU SEE THIS PLOT.

732
00:28:33,966 --> 00:28:38,033
THE GREEN PLOT ON THE TOP
IS THE RATIO OF METHANE TO CO2.

733
00:28:38,033 --> 00:28:41,333
AND SO THE FIRE JUMPS RIGHT OUT
WITH A LOT OF METHANE.

734
00:28:44,033 --> 00:28:47,066
WELL, YOU MIGHT SAY, WHAT IS
THIS LITTLE SPIKE OVER HERE?

735
00:28:47,066 --> 00:28:49,466
WELL, THAT IS THE VALLEY
THAT THEY WENT INTO.

736
00:28:49,466 --> 00:28:51,233
THEY SAW A HAZY,
SMOKY-LOOKING VALLEY,

737
00:28:51,233 --> 00:28:55,266
AND THEY WENT OVER AND THEY TOOK
A LITTLE LOOK FOR US.

738
00:28:55,266 --> 00:28:57,266
AND IT'S ABOUT THE SAME RATIO,

739
00:28:57,266 --> 00:29:00,533
A LITTLE BIT LOWER RATIO
OF METHANE TO CO2.

740
00:29:00,533 --> 00:29:04,066
SO THAT AIR HAS PROBABLY
TRANSPORTED INTO THAT VALLEY

741
00:29:04,066 --> 00:29:06,100
RELATIVELY RECENTLY.

742
00:29:08,766 --> 00:29:10,966
BUT THEN WE WENT BACK
12 DAYS LATER.

743
00:29:10,966 --> 00:29:14,166
WE DID A SIMILAR
FLIGHT PATTERN--

744
00:29:14,166 --> 00:29:16,433
VERTICAL PROFILE OVER MERCED,

745
00:29:16,433 --> 00:29:19,266
AND THEN WE DID AN INSIDE
AND AN OUTSIDE RING.

746
00:29:19,266 --> 00:29:22,566
AND WHAT YOU'RE GONNA SEE
POP OUT ON THE DATA PLOTS--

747
00:29:22,566 --> 00:29:25,200
AGAIN, SORRY, METHANE
ON THE LEFT, CO2 ON THE RIGHT.

748
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:28,866
WHAT YOU'RE GONNA SEE POP OUT
IS THIS SIDE OVER HERE,

749
00:29:28,866 --> 00:29:32,266
YOU'LL SEE THE OUTSIDE,
THE FARTHER DOWNSTREAM PLUME--

750
00:29:32,266 --> 00:29:33,833
THE SLIGHTLY OLDER PLUME--

751
00:29:33,833 --> 00:29:36,533
AND ALSO LOTS
OF THIS INNER PLUME.

752
00:29:36,533 --> 00:29:39,900
SO LET ME SHOW YOU
SOME OF THAT DATA.

753
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:41,700
AGAIN, YOU CAN SEE
THESE THREE PLACES

754
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:44,466
WHERE WE'RE GETTING
ENHANCED CO2 AND METHANE.

755
00:29:44,466 --> 00:29:46,666
THE FIRST ONE IS IN
THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

756
00:29:46,666 --> 00:29:49,033
AT MERCED, WHERE WE DO
A VERTICAL PROFILE.

757
00:29:49,033 --> 00:29:51,300
AND THAT, FOR THE MOST PART,
WHAT YOU ARE SEEING THERE,

758
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:54,633
IS THE INFLUENCE
OF THE LOCAL URBAN AREA.

759
00:29:54,633 --> 00:29:58,666
SO THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
IS A PRETTY POLLUTED PLACE,

760
00:29:58,666 --> 00:30:01,033
AND WE CAN SEE THAT
PRETTY CLEARLY

761
00:30:01,033 --> 00:30:03,900
WHEN WE DO OUR VERTICAL PROFILE.

762
00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:07,300
WHAT'S INTERESTING SOMETIMES
IS WE CAN SOMETIMES SEE--

763
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:09,333
IF THE BIOSPHERE IS VERY ACTIVE,

764
00:30:09,333 --> 00:30:12,333
WE CAN SOMETIMES SEE
A LITTLE DECREASE IN THE CO2.

765
00:30:12,333 --> 00:30:14,500
I THINK I HAD THAT UP HERE.
YEAH.

766
00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:17,400
SO THIS LITTLE DECREASE IN CO2
OF THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

767
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,633
IS PLANTS AND TREES PULLING CO2
OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

768
00:30:20,633 --> 00:30:24,000
AND SO THAT'S WHY THERE'S
ACTUALLY A LITTLE BIT LESS CO2,

769
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,233
WHICH REALLY JACKS UP
THIS RATIO.

770
00:30:26,233 --> 00:30:28,566
[laughs]

771
00:30:28,566 --> 00:30:32,633
ALL RIGHT. WAIT A MINUTE,
I'M GOING THE WRONG WAY.

772
00:30:32,633 --> 00:30:35,133
THERE WE GO.
BUT THIS DAY WE DIDN'T.

773
00:30:35,133 --> 00:30:38,000
IN FACT, WE SAW JUST AS MUCH CO2

774
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:40,166
OVER THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

775
00:30:40,166 --> 00:30:42,600
AS WE DID OVER THE FIRE.

776
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:44,700
AND AS IT TURNS OUT,
THE METEOROLOGY THAT DAY

777
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:46,733
EXPLAINS IT ENTIRELY.
IT WAS A VERY STAGNANT DAY.

778
00:30:46,733 --> 00:30:48,433
THERE HAD BEEN DOWNSLOPE FLOW
THE NIGHT BEFORE

779
00:30:48,433 --> 00:30:50,300
AND EVERYTHING
WAS INCREDIBLY STILL.

780
00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:52,666
SO IT WAS HORRIBLE AIR QUALITY
IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

781
00:30:52,666 --> 00:30:56,433
BECAUSE THE FIRE SMOKE
HAD COME IN OVERNIGHT.

782
00:30:56,433 --> 00:30:58,733
AND IN FACT,
THERE WAS ANOTHER FIRE

783
00:30:58,733 --> 00:31:00,533
VERY CLOSE TO HOME THAT DAY,

784
00:31:00,533 --> 00:31:02,166
JUST ON MOUNT DIABLO.

785
00:31:02,166 --> 00:31:04,900
AND WE THINK THAT
THAT SMOKE WAS ALSO INFLUENCING

786
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:06,566
THE AIR
IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.

787
00:31:06,566 --> 00:31:08,933
AND SO THIS IS ACTUALLY
FIRE SMOKE

788
00:31:08,933 --> 00:31:11,700
THAT HAS BEEN DISPLACED AND HAS
MOVED INTO ANOTHER REGION

789
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:13,566
WHERE IT'S AFFECTING
AIR QUALITY.

790
00:31:13,566 --> 00:31:16,833
HERE IT IS CLOSER TO THE FIRE
WHEN WE SAMPLED IT.

791
00:31:16,833 --> 00:31:18,700
WHAT YOU CAN'T SEE
ON THESE PLOTS

792
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:20,466
BUT I'LL SHOW YOU LATER
IN A TABLE

793
00:31:20,466 --> 00:31:23,166
IS THAT THE RATIO OF METHANE
TO CO2

794
00:31:23,166 --> 00:31:26,066
IN THE PLUME THIS DAY
WAS MUCH DIFFERENT.

795
00:31:26,066 --> 00:31:29,266
IT'S A MUCH HIGHER RATIO
OF METHANE TO CO2

796
00:31:29,266 --> 00:31:32,233
LATER ON WHEN THE FIRE IS OLDER.

797
00:31:32,233 --> 00:31:34,866
WELL, YOU ASK, HOW ABOUT
A DIFFERENT FIRE?

798
00:31:34,866 --> 00:31:39,033
WELL, THE UNIVERSE
HAS BEEN VERY KIND TO US

799
00:31:39,033 --> 00:31:41,200
THE EL PORTAL FIRE WAS--

800
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:43,766
WE SAMPLED IT LAST WEEK,
THE END OF JULY.

801
00:31:43,766 --> 00:31:45,766
I THINK THAT WAS LAST WEEK.

802
00:31:45,766 --> 00:31:48,933
AND IF YOU CAN RECOGNIZE
EL CAPITAN IN THIS PICTURE,

803
00:31:48,933 --> 00:31:50,333
YOU'RE DOING A GREAT JOB.

804
00:31:50,333 --> 00:31:52,266
BECAUSE IT MEANS YOU KNOW
WHAT EL CAPITAN LOOKS LIKE,

805
00:31:52,266 --> 00:31:54,933
BUT IT MEANS YOU CAN ALSO
SEE THROUGH THAT HORRIBLE HAZE.

806
00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:58,900
THESE, AGAIN,
WERE TAKEN BY THE BACKSEATER.

807
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:01,066
AND YOU CAN SEE JUST WHAT
THE CONDITIONS LOOKED LIKE

808
00:32:01,066 --> 00:32:04,533
OUT THE WINDOW, JUST INCREDIBLE,
INCREDIBLE SMOKE.

809
00:32:06,333 --> 00:32:08,266
AND HERE'S WHAT
IT SHOULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE.

810
00:32:08,266 --> 00:32:11,166
SO HERE'S EL CAPITAN
ON A GOOD DAY.

811
00:32:11,166 --> 00:32:13,166
SO THESE HAVE BEEN
REALLY GREAT OPPORTUNITIES.

812
00:32:13,166 --> 00:32:15,500
AND AGAIN, THE TEAM
FROM SAN JOSÉ STATE WAS OUT,

813
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:17,533
AND THIS IS THE KIND OF DATA
THAT THEY COLLECT.

814
00:32:17,533 --> 00:32:20,933
SO HERE YOU CAN SEE IN THE
BACKSCATTERING FROM THEIR LIDAR,

815
00:32:20,933 --> 00:32:24,233
THIS IS THE PLUME LOFTING

816
00:32:24,233 --> 00:32:26,933
AND STAYING QUITE HIGH,
ACTUALLY.

817
00:32:26,933 --> 00:32:29,166
THERE'S A LITTLE BIT OF HAZE
DOWN AT THE LOWER ALTITUDE.

818
00:32:29,166 --> 00:32:32,033
SO THIS IS
A MOUNTAIN CONTOUR HERE.

819
00:32:32,033 --> 00:32:34,600
BUT MOST OF THE SMOKE
IS STAYING UP HIGH.

820
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,233
SO LET'S SEE WHAT WE SAW.

821
00:32:37,233 --> 00:32:38,966
WE, AGAIN, FLEW FROM AMES.

822
00:32:38,966 --> 00:32:40,833
I GUESS WE--

823
00:32:40,833 --> 00:32:42,966
EVAN, DID WE DO THE VERTICAL
PROFILE FIRST OR LAST?

824
00:32:42,966 --> 00:32:45,700
FIRST, OKAY.
I'VE GOT THE PICTURE BACKWARDS.

825
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:47,966
WE FLEW FROM AMES,
AND WE SAW ACTUALLY HIGH OZONE

826
00:32:47,966 --> 00:32:49,333
IN THE VERTICAL PROFILE.

827
00:32:49,333 --> 00:32:51,733
THAT HAPPENS SOMETIMES.
YOU'VE SEEN THAT EARLIER.

828
00:32:51,733 --> 00:32:53,733
AND THEN WE DID A LOOP
AROUND THE FIRE.

829
00:32:53,733 --> 00:32:55,566
BUT I WANT TO BRING YOU IN
A LITTLE BIT CLOSER.

830
00:32:55,566 --> 00:32:58,233
OH, DON'T LET ME FORGET
TO TELL YOU THAT OZONE

831
00:32:58,233 --> 00:33:00,133
IS SOMETIMES FORMED
IN FOREST FIRE PLUMES,

832
00:33:00,133 --> 00:33:02,133
JUST LIKE ANY OTHER
POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT.

833
00:33:02,133 --> 00:33:04,100
IT FORMS IN CITIES
PHOTOCHEMICALLY

834
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:06,800
FROM EMITTED HYDROCARBONS
AND NITROGEN OXIDES.

835
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,900
IT IS BELIEVED TO BE FORMED
IN MANY SMOKE PLUMES.

836
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:12,933
IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO BE
FORMED IN MANY SMOKE PLUMES.

837
00:33:12,933 --> 00:33:14,833
BUT THERE ARE ALSO PLUMES
WHERE IT'S BEEN OBSERVED

838
00:33:14,833 --> 00:33:16,666
TO NOT BE FORMED.

839
00:33:16,666 --> 00:33:18,700
AND SOMETIMES THE CHEMISTRY
EVEN RUNS BACKWARDS

840
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:20,966
AND THE OZONE IS DEPLETED
IN SMOKE PLUMES,

841
00:33:20,966 --> 00:33:23,100
AND THAT'S THE CURRENT STATE
OF UNDERSTANDING,

842
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:25,166
SOMETIMES YES AND SOMETIMES NO.
SO THIS ONE WAS NO.

843
00:33:25,166 --> 00:33:27,033
SO WE'RE VERY EXCITED,
ACTUALLY,

844
00:33:27,033 --> 00:33:29,400
BECAUSE THERE ISN'T AS MUCH
OBSERVATION OF LESS OZONE

845
00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,033
IN A FOREST FIRE PLUME.

846
00:33:31,033 --> 00:33:33,233
SO WE'RE GONNA KEEP AN EYE
ON OZONE AS WE GO THROUGH

847
00:33:33,233 --> 00:33:35,300
ALL OF THESE FOREST FIRES,
AND SEE WHAT WE CAN FIND OUT.

848
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:37,066
IT'S SORT OF A SEPARATE PROBLEM

849
00:33:37,066 --> 00:33:39,266
BECAUSE IT HAS TO DO WITH
THE AIR QUALITY DOWNSTREAM.

850
00:33:39,266 --> 00:33:41,133
IN ADDITION TO THE PARTICLES
THAT ARE EMITTED,

851
00:33:41,133 --> 00:33:43,300
OZONE CAN BE FORMED
IN A SMOKE PLUME.

852
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:46,133
SO THAT'S AN INTERESTING PIECE,
BUT LET ME SHOW YOU HERE,

853
00:33:46,133 --> 00:33:48,566
A LITTLE ZOOM IN
CLOSE TO THE PLUME.

854
00:33:48,566 --> 00:33:50,766
AGAIN, THESE ARE THE HOT SPOTS
FROM THE MODIS SATELLITE.

855
00:33:50,766 --> 00:33:52,966
AND I WANT TO MAKE SURE
THAT YOU NOTICE

856
00:33:52,966 --> 00:33:55,566
THIS LITTLE CUT ACROSS

857
00:33:55,566 --> 00:33:57,866
HERE IN THE FLIGHT TRACK.

858
00:33:57,866 --> 00:33:59,833
SO THEY DIPPED BACK IN.

859
00:33:59,833 --> 00:34:01,400
THEY CLOSED UP THE CIRCLE
A LITTLE BIT

860
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:03,433
TO GET RIGHT INTO THE SMOKE.

861
00:34:03,433 --> 00:34:05,633
AND HERE IT IS.

862
00:34:05,633 --> 00:34:07,600
SO HERE'S THE VERTICAL PROFILE

863
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:09,900
IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
BOUNDARY LAYER

864
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:11,566
WITH, YOU KNOW,
PRETTY BAD AIR QUALITY.

865
00:34:11,566 --> 00:34:14,066
BUT AGAIN, A LITTLE
DRAWDOWN OF THE CO2,

866
00:34:14,066 --> 00:34:16,266
SO THE BIOSPHERE IS ACTIVE,
AND IT'S TAKING THE CO2

867
00:34:16,266 --> 00:34:18,433
OUT OF THE AIR
IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.

868
00:34:18,433 --> 00:34:21,166
THIS IS THAT LITTLE CUT-ACROSS
SPOT THAT I SHOWED YOU,

869
00:34:21,166 --> 00:34:22,566
THAT RED DOT OF DATA,

870
00:34:22,566 --> 00:34:25,800
AND THE METHANE
IS THIS SPIKE RIGHT HERE

871
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,100
WHERE THEY NIPPED
RIGHT INTO THE PLUME.

872
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:30,033
SO WE'VE GOT A TON OF GREAT DATA
FROM THAT FLIGHT

873
00:34:30,033 --> 00:34:31,566
AND THE NEXT ONE.

874
00:34:31,566 --> 00:34:34,033
AND WE'RE REALLY LOOKING FORWARD
TO ANALYZING IT.

875
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:39,066
SO UP IN SHASTA COUNTY,
WHICH IS FAR NORTH,

876
00:34:39,066 --> 00:34:41,233
SO HERE'S WHERE WE TOOK OFF.
WE WENT TO THE NORTH.

877
00:34:41,233 --> 00:34:42,733
THIS PICTURE WILL TAKE A MINUTE
FOR YOUR EYES TO ADJUST,

878
00:34:42,733 --> 00:34:45,133
SO LET ME GIVE YOU A MINUTE
TO SEE IT.

879
00:34:45,133 --> 00:34:47,300
THIS IS A CLOUD FRONT HERE.

880
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:50,200
SO THE REALLY BRIGHT STUFF
THAT YOU'RE SEEING IS CLOUDS.

881
00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:54,366
BUT THERE IS A GRAY SMEAR
OVER HERE,

882
00:34:54,366 --> 00:34:57,066
WHICH IS THE SMOKE.

883
00:34:57,066 --> 00:34:59,766
IF YOU LOOK OVER ON THE
CHEAT SHEET ON THE LEFT HERE,

884
00:34:59,766 --> 00:35:01,633
I'LL SHOW YOU THE HOT SPOTS

885
00:35:01,633 --> 00:35:03,600
TO GIVE YOU A CLUE
WHERE TO TRY TO SEE THE SMOKE.

886
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:05,600
THERE'S ACTUALLY SOME HOT SPOTS
UNDER THE CLOUDS,

887
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:07,366
AND THERE'S SOME UP HERE
TO THE NORTH.

888
00:35:07,366 --> 00:35:09,866
THE WINDS WERE COMING FROM
THE NORTH, NORTHWEST.

889
00:35:09,866 --> 00:35:13,000
AND THIS IS A PLOT OF--
WHAT DID I DO?

890
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,900
I THINK I DID METHANE.
MAYBE IT'S CO2.

891
00:35:15,900 --> 00:35:17,866
I ACTUALLY CAN'T SEE THE PRINT.
IT'S MUCH TOO SMALL.

892
00:35:17,866 --> 00:35:19,333
IT'S CO2.

893
00:35:19,333 --> 00:35:20,966
THIS IS A PLOT OF CO2
ON THE FLIGHT TRACK.

894
00:35:20,966 --> 00:35:23,500
SO THERE WERE A COUPLE PLACES
WHERE WE GOT ENHANCED CO2.

895
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:25,833
AND NOW WE'LL GO BACK
AND DO THE WIND ANALYSIS,

896
00:35:25,833 --> 00:35:28,366
AND WE'LL SEE HOW ROBUST
THOSE CORRELATIONS ARE

897
00:35:28,366 --> 00:35:31,800
OF THE CO2 TO THE HOT SPOTS
TO THE WIND INFORMATION

898
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:33,800
AND TO THE ALTITUDE

899
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,233
WHERE THERE MAY BE FOLDS

900
00:35:36,233 --> 00:35:38,433
OR LAYERS OF THE SMOKE.

901
00:35:38,433 --> 00:35:40,566
SO WE'RE REALLY LOOKING FORWARD
TO ANALYZING THAT.

902
00:35:40,566 --> 00:35:42,066
THAT WAS YESTERDAY,

903
00:35:42,066 --> 00:35:43,866
SO I REALLY NEED TO GIVE
A SHOUT-OUT TO MY TEAM,

904
00:35:43,866 --> 00:35:46,033
EMMA AND TOMOAKI AND WARREN,
ALL OF WHOM ARE HERE TODAY

905
00:35:46,033 --> 00:35:47,833
LOOKING WIDE AWAKE
AND PRESENTABLE,

906
00:35:47,833 --> 00:35:49,900
BUT WHO WERE ANALYZING--
COLLECTING AND ANALYZING

907
00:35:49,900 --> 00:35:51,933
THIS DATA YESTERDAY.

908
00:35:51,933 --> 00:35:54,733
SO WE'RE A TEAM PROJECT,
AND SOMETIMES THAT MEANS

909
00:35:54,733 --> 00:35:57,233
I GET TO TAKE THE SHOWER
AND GET A FULL NIGHT'S SLEEP

910
00:35:57,233 --> 00:35:59,333
AND THE TEAM GETS TO GET
COMFORTABLE CHAIRS

911
00:35:59,333 --> 00:36:01,533
AND GETS TO SIT BACK THERE

912
00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:03,666
WHERE NO ONE CAN THROW TOMATOES
AT THEM.

913
00:36:03,666 --> 00:36:05,966
HERE'S THE DATA IN THAT SAME
ANALYSIS FROM YESTERDAY.

914
00:36:05,966 --> 00:36:07,833
AND TO BE HONEST,

915
00:36:07,833 --> 00:36:09,966
I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT
VERY CAREFULLY YET,

916
00:36:09,966 --> 00:36:11,900
BUT YOU CAN SEE THE SAME SORTS
OF FEATURES, RIGHT?

917
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:13,933
YOU CAN SEE THE DRAWDOWN.

918
00:36:13,933 --> 00:36:16,366
OH, I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT THIS
VERY CAREFULLY.

919
00:36:16,366 --> 00:36:18,266
I'M INTERESTED TO SEE
WHAT THIS TURNS OUT TO BE.

920
00:36:18,266 --> 00:36:20,433
THERE'S A BIG ENHANCEMENT OF CO2
IN THE CENTRAL VALLEY.

921
00:36:20,433 --> 00:36:22,833
AND YOU CAN SEE THE SMOKE PLUME

922
00:36:22,833 --> 00:36:25,566
PROBABLY RIGHT HERE AND HERE.

923
00:36:25,566 --> 00:36:27,466
SO ASK ME IN A COUPLE WEEKS,

924
00:36:27,466 --> 00:36:30,200
AND I'LL TELL YOU WHAT HAPPENED
ON YESTERDAY'S FLIGHT.

925
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:33,533
BUT I CAN SHOW YOU SOME NUMBERS,

926
00:36:33,533 --> 00:36:36,600
AND I'M NOT GONNA PROMISE
THAT THEY'RE PERFECT YET.

927
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,500
BUT LET ME COMPARE FOR YOU THE
FOUR FLIGHTS I'VE SHOWN YOU NOW.

928
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:41,966
WE'VE GOT RIM FIRE EARLY ON.

929
00:36:41,966 --> 00:36:44,100
WE'VE GOT RIM FIRE LATER
WHEN IT WAS SMOLDERING.

930
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:46,066
WE'VE GOT EL PORTAL,

931
00:36:46,066 --> 00:36:48,066
AND WE'VE GOT YESTERDAY'S
SHASTA COUNTY FIRES.

932
00:36:48,066 --> 00:36:50,766
SO THIS NUMBER
DOWN AT THE BOTTOM

933
00:36:50,766 --> 00:36:52,266
IS THAT RATIO
I'VE BEEN TELLING YOU ABOUT--

934
00:36:52,266 --> 00:36:54,700
HOW MUCH METHANE FOR EVERY CO2.

935
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:57,000
METHANE'S 120 TIMES WORSE
AS A GREENHOUSE GAS.

936
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,133
AND IT STILL HAS A LITTLE MORE
POLLUTING CHEMISTRY TO DO, TOO.

937
00:37:00,133 --> 00:37:02,700
IT'S NOT REALLY DONE
UNTIL IT GETS TO CO2.

938
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:04,100
SO IT'S INTERESTING TO
UNDERSTAND THE BALANCE

939
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:05,933
OF HOW CARBON
COMES OUT OF THE FIRE.

940
00:37:05,933 --> 00:37:07,566
SO LOOK ACROSS THE BOTTOM.

941
00:37:07,566 --> 00:37:09,000
THESE NUMBERS
ARE SOMETHING LIKE 8,

942
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:10,933
EXCEPT FOR THE RED ONES
THAT ARE SOMETHING LIKE 16

943
00:37:10,933 --> 00:37:13,333
AND THE BLUE ONE
THAT'S SOMETHING LIKE 4.

944
00:37:13,333 --> 00:37:16,133
SO YOU'RE SEEING A FACTOR
OF ABOUT 4 IN THAT RATIO

945
00:37:16,133 --> 00:37:18,566
OF HOW MUCH OF THE CARBON
COMES OUT AS METHANE

946
00:37:18,566 --> 00:37:20,566
FROM ONE FIRE TO THE NEXT.

947
00:37:20,566 --> 00:37:22,400
SO THAT'S SOMETHING WE'RE REALLY
INTERESTED IN LOOKING INTO.

948
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,233
HOPE--HOPEFULLY,
THE SHASTA FIRES

949
00:37:24,233 --> 00:37:26,433
WILL KEEP BURNING FOR A WHILE
AND WE CAN GO SEE THEM AGAIN

950
00:37:26,433 --> 00:37:28,800
WHEN THEY'RE OLD AND SMOLDERY.

951
00:37:31,433 --> 00:37:33,400
AS WE CONTINUE
TO DO THESE MISSIONS,

952
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,400
YOU CAN FOLLOW US
IF YOU'D LIKE.

953
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:37,333
THERE IS A REALLY GREAT TOOL

954
00:37:37,333 --> 00:37:39,966
IN THE NASA AIRBORNE SCIENCE
PROJECT--

955
00:37:39,966 --> 00:37:42,166
NASA AIRBORNE SCIENCE OFFICE?

956
00:37:42,166 --> 00:37:44,266
NASA AIRBORNE SCIENCE
HAS A GREAT TOOL

957
00:37:44,266 --> 00:37:46,700
CALLED THE MISSION TOOLS SUITE.

958
00:37:46,700 --> 00:37:49,466
AND IF YOU CAN REMEMBER THAT,
YOU CAN FIND THEIR WEB SITE.

959
00:37:49,466 --> 00:37:52,033
AND YOU CAN FOLLOW US
BY OUR TAIL NUMBER.

960
00:37:52,033 --> 00:37:54,066
WE'RE ALSO LISTED
AS THE ALPHA JET.

961
00:37:54,066 --> 00:37:55,966
WE'RE THE ONLY ALPHA JET
IN THE LIST.

962
00:37:55,966 --> 00:37:57,933
AND YOU CAN WATCH US
IN REAL TIME.

963
00:37:57,933 --> 00:37:59,533
THERE'S A--IT'S, LIKE,
EVERY TEN SECONDS

964
00:37:59,533 --> 00:38:02,133
THEY UPDATE THE LOCATION
OF THE AIRCRAFT.

965
00:38:02,133 --> 00:38:04,366
YOU CAN ALSO GO BACK AND LOOK
AT OUR PREVIOUS TRACKS,

966
00:38:04,366 --> 00:38:06,500
ALTHOUGH WE ONLY GOT THE TRACKER
INSTALLED A FEW FLIGHTS AGO.

967
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:08,333
SO THERE'S ONLY A FEW OF THEM
TO LOOK AT.

968
00:38:08,333 --> 00:38:10,133
BUT THIS ONE IS IN THERE.

969
00:38:10,133 --> 00:38:12,066
YOU CAN ALSO FOLLOW ME
ON TWITTER

970
00:38:12,066 --> 00:38:14,100
IF YOU'RE REALLY, REALLY BORED.

971
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:16,200
I TWEET, LIKE, RIGHT BEFORE
EVERY FLIGHT AND RIGHT AFTER.

972
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:18,333
I PROMISE, YOU WON'T GET
VERY MANY TWEETS FROM ME.

973
00:38:18,333 --> 00:38:20,300
AND YOU CAN CHECK US OUT
ON YOUTUBE

974
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:21,966
IF YOU'RE REALLY FEELING
ADVENTURESOME.

975
00:38:21,966 --> 00:38:23,466
THERE'S A COUPLE OF PLACES
WHERE YOU CAN FIND US,

976
00:38:23,466 --> 00:38:26,133
AND I'M CERTAINLY NOT GONNA READ
THOSE LINKS OUT TO YOU.

977
00:38:26,133 --> 00:38:29,400
BUT WE WERE REALLY FORTUNATE
TO PARTICIPATE IN A PROGRAM

978
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:31,500
CALLED THE "YEARS OF LIVING
DANGEROUSLY."

979
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:33,133
AS DR. BICAY MENTIONED,

980
00:38:33,133 --> 00:38:35,133
WE DO A LOT OF
SATELLITE VALIDATION WORK,

981
00:38:35,133 --> 00:38:36,833
NONE OF WHICH I SHOWED YOU
TODAY,

982
00:38:36,833 --> 00:38:38,733
'CAUSE IT'S NOT IN CALIFORNIA.
IT'S ACTUALLY IN NEVADA.

983
00:38:38,733 --> 00:38:40,800
THERE'S A VERY SHINY,
FLAT PLACE IN NEVADA

984
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:42,266
WHERE A LOT OF SATELLITES
WILL STARE

985
00:38:42,266 --> 00:38:47,200
TO CALIBRATE THEIR MEASUREMENTS
OF BRIGHTNESS.

986
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:49,500
SORT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
MEASUREMENT OF A SATELLITE

987
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:52,000
IS ITS RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION.

988
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:54,966
SO THAT PLACE IS
FORTUNATELY CLOSE ENOUGH

989
00:38:54,966 --> 00:38:56,600
THAT WE CAN GET THERE AND BACK
ON ONE TANK OF GAS.

990
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:58,633
SO WE GO THERE
ABOUT EVERY MONTH

991
00:38:58,633 --> 00:39:00,833
TO UNDER-FLY A SATELLITE
CALLED GOSAT,

992
00:39:00,833 --> 00:39:02,966
WHICH IS A JAPANESE SATELLITE
WHICH MEASURES CO2.

993
00:39:02,966 --> 00:39:05,433
AND, HUZZAH,

994
00:39:05,433 --> 00:39:08,100
OCO-2, THE NASA
ORBITING CARBON OBSERVATORY,

995
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:12,100
HAS JUST, A MONTH AGO,
LAUNCHED SUCCESSFULLY

996
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:13,400
AND HAS FINALLY REACHED
ITS ORBIT

997
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:15,600
IN A SATELLITE CLUSTER
CALLED THE A-TRAIN.

998
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:17,933
SO THOSE, AS SOON AS
THEY GET COOLED DOWN,

999
00:39:17,933 --> 00:39:19,466
THAT SATELLITE WILL ALSO BE
MEASURING

1000
00:39:19,466 --> 00:39:21,900
ITS RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION
AT RAILROAD VALLEY

1001
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:24,400
AND IT WILL ALSO TAKE REGULAR
MEASUREMENTS AT RAILROAD VALLEY.

1002
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,666
SO WE'LL BE FLYING THERE
EVEN MORE OFTEN

1003
00:39:26,666 --> 00:39:28,466
TO MEASURE THE CARBON DIOXIDE
IN THE COLUMN

1004
00:39:28,466 --> 00:39:31,300
UNDERNEATH THE SATELLITE
AS IT FLIES OVERHEAD.

1005
00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:33,766
ONE OF THE DAYS
WHEN WE WERE DOING THAT,

1006
00:39:33,766 --> 00:39:35,533
LAST NOVEMBER,

1007
00:39:35,533 --> 00:39:38,300
THIS DOCUMENTARY CREW FOR THE
"YEARS OF LIVING DANGEROUSLY"

1008
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:40,033
CAME TO AMES

1009
00:39:40,033 --> 00:39:42,933
AND MY NEW BEST FRIEND
FLEW THE BACKSEAT

1010
00:39:42,933 --> 00:39:44,900
BECAUSE, I DIDN'T KNOW THIS,

1011
00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:47,000
HARRISON FORD
IS A CERTIFIED PILOT.

1012
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:50,133
SO HE WAS EAGER TO LEARN
ABOUT THE PROJECT

1013
00:39:50,133 --> 00:39:53,000
AND, HONESTLY,
THE RAILROAD VALLEY FLIGHT

1014
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,366
IS ONE THAT--THAT OUR PILOTS
KNOW REALLY WELL.

1015
00:39:55,366 --> 00:39:57,133
IT'S A PRETTY SIMPLE FLIGHT.

1016
00:39:57,133 --> 00:39:59,133
THEY'VE DONE IT
PROBABLY 30 TIMES BY NOW.

1017
00:39:59,133 --> 00:40:01,933
AND SO THEY ACTUALLY LET HIM FLY
THE BACKSEAT,

1018
00:40:01,933 --> 00:40:03,966
AND HE COLLECTED THE DATA
FOR US.

1019
00:40:03,966 --> 00:40:06,500
AND SO YOU CAN SEE
THAT DOCUMENTARY,

1020
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:09,000
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, YOU CAN
SEE THE NIFTY LITTLE PIECE

1021
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:10,466
THAT AMES PRODUCED
ABOUT THE VISIT

1022
00:40:10,466 --> 00:40:12,700
OF HARRISON FORD TO AMES.

1023
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,000
WE GET WAY MORE FILM TIME
ON THAT ONE.

1024
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:17,566
WE GET, LIKE, FIVE SECONDS
IN THE SHOWTIME DOCUMENTARY,

1025
00:40:17,566 --> 00:40:19,500
BUT WE'VE GOT, LIKE,
THREE MINUTES IN THE AMES VIDEO,

1026
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:21,133
SO GO TO THE AMES VIDEO.

1027
00:40:21,133 --> 00:40:23,166
THERE'S LOTS MORE ABOUT
THE AJAX PROJECT IN THAT.

1028
00:40:23,166 --> 00:40:25,100
SO THERE'S LOTS OF PLACES
TO FIND US.

1029
00:40:25,100 --> 00:40:27,066
I'M GONNA BE AROUND HERE, TOO.

1030
00:40:27,066 --> 00:40:29,200
IF SOMEONE WILL BRING ME
A COOKIE, I'LL STAY FOR HOURS.

1031
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,700
BUT I WOULD LIKE TO THANK
THE TEAM--

1032
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:33,066
AND I KNOW THERE ARE NAMES
MISSING,

1033
00:40:33,066 --> 00:40:35,333
AND I APOLOGIZE FOR THAT,
BUT LIKE I SAID,

1034
00:40:35,333 --> 00:40:37,866
THIS IS A TEAM EFFORT,
AND THERE'S NO WAY

1035
00:40:37,866 --> 00:40:39,766
NO MATTER HOW MUCH CAFFEINE
I COULD DRINK,

1036
00:40:39,766 --> 00:40:41,533
THAT I COULD DO THIS MYSELF.

1037
00:40:41,533 --> 00:40:43,066
AND EVERY PROBLEM
WE COME UP AGAINST,

1038
00:40:43,066 --> 00:40:44,933
ONE OF THESE PEOPLE HAS SOLVED.

1039
00:40:44,933 --> 00:40:47,966
AND IT'S AMAZING HOW MANY HOURS
PEOPLE ARE WILLING TO PUT IN

1040
00:40:47,966 --> 00:40:50,900
WHEN YOU SAY, "BUT THERE'S
GONNA BE GOOD DATA."

1041
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:54,200
IT'S ALMOST AS GOOD AS,
"THERE'S GONNA BE FREE COOKIES."

1042
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:55,600
SO I REALLY NEED TO THANK
MY TEAM--

1043
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:57,200
EMMA, TOMOAKI, AND WARREN,
IN PARTICULAR.

1044
00:40:57,200 --> 00:40:58,666
CHRIS IS OUR METEOROLOGIST,

1045
00:40:58,666 --> 00:41:01,566
AND QUINCY AND EMMETT
SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS

1046
00:41:01,566 --> 00:41:05,166
RELATED TO MECHANICAL PARTS
AND GRAVITY.

1047
00:41:05,166 --> 00:41:08,000
AND THEN I DID WANT TO TELL YOU
JUST A LITTLE BIT ABOUT ME

1048
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,033
IF JACOB HAD A MINUTE LEFT.

1049
00:41:10,033 --> 00:41:12,133
I KNOW YOU MIGHT THINK,
HOW ON EARTH

1050
00:41:12,133 --> 00:41:14,133
WOULD I GET INVOLVED
WITH A PROJECT LIKE THIS?

1051
00:41:14,133 --> 00:41:16,533
AND THE ANSWER IS,
HELL IF I KNOW.

1052
00:41:16,533 --> 00:41:18,066
I STARTED IN NEW YORK.

1053
00:41:18,066 --> 00:41:20,133
I WENT TO A SMALL
LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGE.

1054
00:41:20,133 --> 00:41:22,800
MY MOTHER BEMOANED THE FACT
THAT I THEN WENT WEST,

1055
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:24,700
AND I WOUND UP IN COLORADO
FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL.

1056
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:26,833
AND SHE SAID, "COME BACK EAST
WHEN YOU'RE DONE."

1057
00:41:26,833 --> 00:41:28,833
AND I SAID, "SURE, MOM.
I'M GOING TO CALIFORNIA."

1058
00:41:28,833 --> 00:41:31,366
SO I'VE BEEN MOVING WEST
EVER SINCE.

1059
00:41:31,366 --> 00:41:33,966
I TOOK A DETOUR TO DO AN
INTERNSHIP AT NASA GODDARD.

1060
00:41:33,966 --> 00:41:35,433
ACTUALLY, THAT WAS WHERE
I FIRST GOT INTERESTED

1061
00:41:35,433 --> 00:41:37,033
IN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY.

1062
00:41:37,033 --> 00:41:39,266
THAT WAS MY FIRST SORT OF
HANDS-ON OPPORTUNITY

1063
00:41:39,266 --> 00:41:41,733
TO PLAY WITH CHEMISTRY
IN THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.

1064
00:41:41,733 --> 00:41:43,633
IT WAS JUST IN A MODEL.
I PROMISE.

1065
00:41:43,633 --> 00:41:45,466
I DIDN'T DO ANYTHING EVIL.

1066
00:41:45,466 --> 00:41:47,533
BUT IT WAS ALSO MY FIRST CHANCE
TO TRY ATMOSPHERIC MODELING.

1067
00:41:47,533 --> 00:41:49,900
YOU SEE, I WENT BACK TO THE LAB.

1068
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:51,633
SO MY TRAINING IS ACTUALLY
IN LABORATORY,

1069
00:41:51,633 --> 00:41:53,533
SORT OF, HANDS-ON MEASUREMENTS.

1070
00:41:53,533 --> 00:41:55,266
BUT I'D NEVER HAD
THE OPPORTUNITY

1071
00:41:55,266 --> 00:41:58,100
TO DO ANYTHING
THAT WOULD BE LAUNCHED

1072
00:41:58,100 --> 00:41:59,433
UNTIL I WAS HERE AT AMES.

1073
00:41:59,433 --> 00:42:01,200
AND REALLY,
THE--THE DIRECTION FROM OUR--

1074
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,333
AND THE SUPPORT
FROM OUR DIVISION MANAGEMENT

1075
00:42:04,333 --> 00:42:06,433
AND OUR BRANCH MANAGEMENT
HAS REALLY BEEN AMAZING.

1076
00:42:06,433 --> 00:42:08,633
AND I HAVE NO AIRCRAFT PEDIGREE.

1077
00:42:08,633 --> 00:42:12,400
IN 2008, WHEN THEY SAID,
"HERE, LAURA, MAKE THIS WORK,"

1078
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:15,533
AND LOOK WHAT WE CAN ACCOMPLISH
IN SIX YEARS.

1079
00:42:15,533 --> 00:42:17,600
SO IT'S REALLY BEEN GREAT
TO BE HERE AT AMES,

1080
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:19,566
WHERE I HAVE SO MANY DIFFERENT
COLLEAGUES TO WORK WITH

1081
00:42:19,566 --> 00:42:21,100
AND THE OPPORTUNITY
TO TRY NEW THINGS,

1082
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:23,400
LIKE AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS,
THAT I'D NEVER DONE BEFORE.

1083
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:25,133
AND IF YOU WANT TO TALK ABOUT
CLOUDS ON MARS,

1084
00:42:25,133 --> 00:42:26,700
I'M LEARNING ABOUT THAT, TOO.

1085
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:29,066
SO BRING ME A COOKIE AND WE CAN
TALK ABOUT CLOUDS ON MARS.

1086
00:42:29,066 --> 00:42:30,966
SO MY JOURNEY'S REALLY GONE
FROM UPSTATE NEW YORK

1087
00:42:30,966 --> 00:42:33,433
THROUGH MARYLAND
TO COLORADO

1088
00:42:33,433 --> 00:42:36,166
TO CALIFORNIA
AND NEXT STOP WILL BE MARS,

1089
00:42:36,166 --> 00:42:37,200
BUT DON'T TELL MY MOTHER.

1090
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,433
[laughter]
THANKS.

1091
00:42:40,433 --> 00:42:42,500
[applause]

1092
00:42:42,500 --> 00:42:46,566
SHE'S PROBABLY GONNA WATCH
THE VIDEO.

1093
00:42:46,566 --> 00:42:48,766
- SO WE HAVE TIME
FOR A FEW QUESTIONS.

1094
00:42:48,766 --> 00:42:51,033
PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND,
STAND UP,

1095
00:42:51,033 --> 00:42:54,300
WAIT FOR THE MICROPHONE.

1096
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:56,466
- OR JUST BRING ME A COOKIE.

1097
00:42:56,466 --> 00:42:58,466
- YES, OR BRING COOKIES.

1098
00:43:04,133 --> 00:43:06,700
- HI.
VERY INTERESTING, THANK YOU.

1099
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,333
THE--THE AJAX AIRCRAFT

1100
00:43:09,333 --> 00:43:11,100
IS--IS UNIQUE, YOU KNOW,

1101
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:13,966
IN TERMS OF IT BEING STATIONED
HERE AND AVAILABLE HERE.

1102
00:43:13,966 --> 00:43:17,133
AND I WONDER IF YOU'VE LOOKED
AT INSTRUMENTATION

1103
00:43:17,133 --> 00:43:19,433
ON OTHER TYPES OF VEHICLES.

1104
00:43:19,433 --> 00:43:21,366
A FEW YEARS BACK,

1105
00:43:21,366 --> 00:43:23,100
SOME--SOME FOLKS HERE AT AMES

1106
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:26,266
WERE PUTTING INSTRUMENTATION
ON THE "IKHANA" UAV.

1107
00:43:26,266 --> 00:43:28,733
AND SO I'M CURIOUS
IF YOU COULD COMMENT

1108
00:43:28,733 --> 00:43:30,833
ON SORT OF THE PORTABILITY
OF THE MEASUREMENTS

1109
00:43:30,833 --> 00:43:32,966
AND THAT KIND OF THING,

1110
00:43:32,966 --> 00:43:35,333
TO BROADEN THE PLACES
WE COULD GO

1111
00:43:35,333 --> 00:43:37,500
RATHER THAN RELYING
JUST ON THE AJAX AIRCRAFT.

1112
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:39,533
- MM-HMM, SURE.

1113
00:43:39,533 --> 00:43:41,600
THE REAL ADVANTAGE--

1114
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,633
THERE ARE TWO REAL ADVANTAGES
TO US

1115
00:43:43,633 --> 00:43:47,200
WHEN DESIGNING
TO THE ALPHA JET.

1116
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:49,233
ONE IS THAT THE MOUNTING POINTS

1117
00:43:49,233 --> 00:43:51,400
ARE A STANDARD NATO
MOUNTING POINT.

1118
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:53,233
SO THAT WING POD
CAN ACTUALLY

1119
00:43:53,233 --> 00:43:55,666
JUST BE CLIPPED ON
TO ANOTHER AIRCRAFT,

1120
00:43:55,666 --> 00:43:57,666
ANY OTHER AIRCRAFT THAT HAS
A NATO MOUNTING POINT,

1121
00:43:57,666 --> 00:44:00,866
WHICH IS RELATIVELY STANDARD
AS FAR AS THINGS GO.

1122
00:44:00,866 --> 00:44:02,000
THE DISADVANTAGE, THOUGH,

1123
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,800
IS THAT THE ALPHA JET'S
A BOMBER,

1124
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:08,366
AND SO WE HAVEN'T HAD
TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT WEIGHT.

1125
00:44:08,366 --> 00:44:10,400
IT CAN CARRY A TON OF WEIGHT.

1126
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:13,200
SO WE'VE BEEN ABLE
TO GET AWAY WITH

1127
00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:15,233
SORT OF THE EASY SOLUTION
FOR PUMPS,

1128
00:44:15,233 --> 00:44:17,133
AND WE HAVE PLENTY OF POWER
AVAILABLE.

1129
00:44:17,133 --> 00:44:19,800
SO OUR PROBLEM
IS ACTUALLY VOLUME,

1130
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:21,166
NOT MASS.

1131
00:44:21,166 --> 00:44:23,566
SO I'M NOT SURE ABOUT
THE "IKHANA."

1132
00:44:23,566 --> 00:44:25,633
I WOULD HATE TO BE ON TAPE AS--

1133
00:44:25,633 --> 00:44:27,866
COMMENTING ON
ITS SPECIFICATIONS,

1134
00:44:27,866 --> 00:44:30,766
BUT WE HAVEN'T HAD TO
PAY ATTENTION TO WEIGHT.

1135
00:44:30,766 --> 00:44:32,566
AND I KNOW ON A LOT OF OTHER
PLATFORMS, THEY DO,

1136
00:44:32,566 --> 00:44:34,833
ESPECIALLY A UAV.
YOUR PAYLOAD HAS TO BE SMALL

1137
00:44:34,833 --> 00:44:36,766
BUT IT ALSO HAS TO BE
VERY LIGHTWEIGHT.

1138
00:44:36,766 --> 00:44:38,966
SO WE'VE DESIGNED PRETTY
SPECIFICALLY FOR THE ALPHA JET.

1139
00:44:38,966 --> 00:44:40,633
THAT SIZE THAT WE HAVE,

1140
00:44:40,633 --> 00:44:42,533
THE SIZE AND SHAPE
ARE VERY SPECIFIC.

1141
00:44:42,533 --> 00:44:45,766
BUT THEY'RE SMALLER
THAN MOST OTHER AIRCRAFT

1142
00:44:45,766 --> 00:44:47,500
THAT CAN CARRY HEAVY LOADS.

1143
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:49,800
SO WE COULD BE PRETTY PORTABLE
INTO AN AIRCRAFT

1144
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:53,233
WHERE WEIGHT IS NOT A CONCERN.

1145
00:44:54,566 --> 00:44:56,000
- ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU.

1146
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,400
LET'S JOIN ME
IN THANKING DR. BLAZE--

1147
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:00,400
SORRY, LAURA.

1148
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:01,900
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR A GREAT TALK.

1149
00:45:01,900 --> 00:45:05,100
[applause]